{"id":1304,"date":"2024-08-19T13:23:28","date_gmt":"2024-08-19T11:23:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/the-abcs-of-antisemitism\/"},"modified":"2026-08-19T12:48:44","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T10:48:44","slug":"abc-of-antisemitism","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/en\/abc-of-antisemitism\/","title":{"rendered":"ABC of Antisemitism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1tfihc-c35dc8464a369f9a0b51e37982c96467\">\n#top .avia-section.av-1tfihc-c35dc8464a369f9a0b51e37982c96467 .scroll-down-link{\ncolor:#ededed;\n}\n#top .avia-section.av-1tfihc-c35dc8464a369f9a0b51e37982c96467 .scroll-down-link.avia-svg-icon svg:first-child{\nstroke:#ededed;\nfill:#ededed;\n}\n.avia-section.av-1tfihc-c35dc8464a369f9a0b51e37982c96467 .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#f8f8f8;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-1tfihc-c35dc8464a369f9a0b51e37982c96467 alternate_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_section  avia-builder-el-first  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class=\"av-section-color-overlay-wrap\"><a href='#next-section' title='' class='scroll-down-link av-custom-scroll-down-color avia-svg-icon avia-font-svg_entypo-fontello' data-av_svg_icon='down-open-mini' data-av_iconset='svg_entypo-fontello'><svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"15\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 15 32\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" aria-labelledby='av-svg-title-1' aria-describedby='av-svg-desc-1' role=\"graphics-symbol\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n<title id='av-svg-title-1'>Scroll to next section<\/title>\n<desc id='av-svg-desc-1'>Scroll to next section<\/desc>\n<path d=\"M12.96 12.16q0.704-0.832 1.536 0 0.832 0.704 0 1.536l-6.272 6.144q-0.704 0.704-1.536 0l-6.272-6.144q-0.832-0.832 0-1.536 0.768-0.768 1.6 0l5.44 4.992z\"><\/path>\n<\/svg><\/a><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-7grso-def348b5fc9cfeafc8c7dd85934324fa av_one_full  avia-builder-el-1  el_before_av_four_fifth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m00wkp0c-0a2d6ca7e922cfb90ab1cf9027608d65\">\n.avia-image-container.av-m00wkp0c-0a2d6ca7e922cfb90ab1cf9027608d65 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-m00wkp0c-0a2d6ca7e922cfb90ab1cf9027608d65 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-m00wkp0c-0a2d6ca7e922cfb90ab1cf9027608d65 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-2  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-1205 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-1205 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2.jpg\" alt='ABC of Antisemitism' title='ABC of Antisemitism'  height=\"450\" width=\"1920\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-300x70.jpg 300w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-1024x240.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-768x180.jpg 768w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-1536x360.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-1500x352.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-705x165.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-1xz5s-40d977f675b90e364ecd37ad9a671456 av_four_fifth  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_fifth  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1cugnk-62bf13f98b2f005c7b6f77f960792f93\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-1cugnk-62bf13f98b2f005c7b6f77f960792f93 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-1cugnk-62bf13f98b2f005c7b6f77f960792f93 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: left;\">The handbook &#8220;ABC of Antisemitism&#8221; offers everything you need to know about contemporary antisemitism in one place. It is the first information resource of its kind in the Republic of Serbia, intended primarily for professionals in the media, the culture of remembrance, and education.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mszyuoeg-a683bb03d53c5051a081dfd3c3aa28d9\">\n.iconbox.av-mszyuoeg-a683bb03d53c5051a081dfd3c3aa28d9 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-mszyuoeg-a683bb03d53c5051a081dfd3c3aa28d9 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-svg-icon avia-font-svg_entypo-fontello' data-av_svg_icon='info-circled' data-av_iconset='svg_entypo-fontello' ><svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"29\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 29 32\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" aria-labelledby='av-svg-title-2' aria-describedby='av-svg-desc-2' role=\"graphics-symbol\">\n<title id='av-svg-title-2'>Info-circled<\/title>\n<desc id='av-svg-desc-2'>Info-circled<\/desc>\n<path d=\"M14.528 1.28q6.080-0.064 10.432 4.16t4.48 10.304q0.064 6.080-4.192 10.464t-10.336 4.512q-6.080 0.064-10.464-4.192t-4.448-10.336q-0.128-6.080 4.16-10.464t10.368-4.448zM16.192 6.144q-1.344 0-2.080 0.768t-0.736 1.6q-0.064 0.896 0.48 1.408t1.568 0.512q1.216 0 1.952-0.704t0.736-1.728q0-1.856-1.92-1.856zM12.352 25.152q0.96 0 2.688-0.832t3.392-2.496l-0.576-0.768q-1.536 1.152-2.304 1.152-0.448 0-0.128-1.216l1.344-5.12q0.832-3.072-0.704-3.072-0.96 0-2.848 0.928t-3.68 2.4l0.512 0.832q1.664-1.088 2.368-1.088 0.384 0 0 1.088l-1.152 4.864q-0.832 3.328 1.088 3.328z\"><\/path>\n<\/svg><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: \"><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Created specifically for audiences in Serbia and the Western Balkans, <i data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"147\">&#8220;ABC of Antisemitism&#8221;<\/i> highlights regional characteristics, common misconceptions, and local educational needs. Although relevant to any society, key sections reflect the specific Serbian context.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"4\"><strong><i data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">*Disclaimer: The original Serbian text was translated using an automated AI translator.<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-17ngeg-6f87c63e1d584d6373035bde6e12205c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Author: Mi\u0161ko Stani\u0161i\u0107; Expert advisors: Dr Aleksandar Stojanovi\u0107 and Nevena Bajalica;<br \/>\nDownload the PDF edition of the handbook. <a href=\"https:\/\/terraforming.org\/kontakt-cba\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">You can receive a printed edition<\/a> by mail for the cost of delivery.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-f4as0-7dc41603816fb6a8037829f6177d91d6\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-f4as0-7dc41603816fb6a8037829f6177d91d6 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#fcfcfc;\nbackground-color:#444444;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-f4as0-7dc41603816fb6a8037829f6177d91d6 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#fcfcfc;\nborder-color:#fcfcfc;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-f4as0-7dc41603816fb6a8037829f6177d91d6 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#fcfcfc;\nborder-color:#fcfcfc;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-f4as0-7dc41603816fb6a8037829f6177d91d6 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:17px;\ncolor:#fcfcfc;\nbackground-color:#444444;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-f4as0-7dc41603816fb6a8037829f6177d91d6  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-763jc-99a971388a54f19db0af7d1b07814723'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-1' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-1' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-1' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Foreword\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Foreword\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Foreword\">Foreword<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-1' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-1' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Antisemitism is present in all European societies, including ours\u2014in some places more, in others less, sometimes more openly, sometimes more rarely. This, unfortunately, is not unusual. For centuries, antisemitism has been woven into the ideologies and worldviews that have shaped our understanding of the world and the society in which we live. Thus, even today, when we are aware of how toxic and dangerous it is, it remains part of the subconscious and resides in the dark corners of the European cultural identity. As in other countries, in the Republic of Serbia, various manifestations of antisemitism and antisemitic attitudes can be found across the entire social and political spectrum: from the radical political left, through the center, to the extreme right. We can hear it wrapped in pro-Russian and anti-EU propaganda. It sometimes surfaces in discussions in the media with national broadcasting licenses, just as it occasionally &#8220;slips through&#8221; in opposition media. We find it hidden behind political propaganda, manipulation, and the abuse of Holocaust history. It is glimpsed behind nationalist clich\u00e9s and warnings that we are &#8220;under threat.&#8221; We hear it in everyday casual conversations over afternoon coffee, in passing, at the workplace, on the bus. We sometimes find it even in the classroom\u2014spoken by a history teacher in person. We see it on walls covered in graffiti and in marker scribbles in the elevator. We can also find it in some bookstores, on shelves among books for sale. It is difficult to avoid on social networks. If we look a little closer and more honestly into the darkness, we might even find it within ourselves.<\/p>\n<p>To counter antisemitism, we must first be able to recognize it. And to identify it, we must have some basic knowledge of what antisemitism is and how it is manifested.<\/p>\n<p>When our colleagues from the NGO Haver Serbia in Belgrade were the target of a crude antisemitic attack on November 7, 2023, I sincerely (and naively) thought that the public in the Republic of Serbia would be appalled by the writing on the wall in front of their premises: &#8220;Haver get out of Serbia.&#8221; I was sure that the media, non-governmental organizations, and the civil sector, as well as state institutions\u2014including the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights, the Ministry of Education, not to mention the police and the prosecution\u2014would react vehemently and strongly, not only condemning this shameful antisemitic act but also initiating a whole series of measures and activities. I thought that the perpetrators would be quickly identified and brought to justice, that institutions would initiate prevention and education measures, and that we would be better prepared so that it would not happen again.<br \/>\nInstead, there was silence. That silence stunned me more than the attack itself. The fact that there are those who would write &#8220;Haver get out of Serbia&#8221; is terrible, but imaginable. However, it is devastating that, in principle, our entire society, at least so it seems, does not care at all.<\/p>\n<p>The few statements issued and the very limited space given to this incident in the media and public sphere were neither nearly sufficient nor proportional.<\/p>\n<p>On the contrary, on social networks, the attackers\u2014though hidden behind avatars and without revealing their true identities\u2014openly gloated, shared photos of their &#8220;successful action,&#8221; mocked, and continued to repeat antisemitic hate speech. The vast majority of comments under their posts were positive and affirmative. The small number of those who expressed criticism were buried by dozens of others who insulted or ridiculed them.<\/p>\n<p>When I wrote a critical post about all this on LinkedIn, a network for professionals where one writes without the comfort of anonymity, the discussion that developed under my post completely shocked me. Dozens and dozens of people, all with their full names, job titles, and the names of the companies where they work, wrote antisemitic statements quite comfortably and without the slightest hesitation in their comments, without shame or fear of consequences. Besides insults and threats directed at me, the &#8220;discussion&#8221; that developed there ranged from ignorance to prejudice, through lies to myths, from one crazier conspiracy theory to another, to explanations of who Jews &#8220;actually&#8221; are, which wealthy Jew has more power than another and actually rules the world, how &#8220;Jewish Nazism is the worst,&#8221; whether Hitler was a Jew or just a Khazar and a Mason, and which Jews are &#8220;good&#8221; and which are &#8220;part of a renegade tribe.&#8221; I simply could not distinguish what was an expression of hatred and what was total misinformation\u2014or both. The level of ignorance was shocking, as was the fact that participants did not hesitate to say such things publicly, with their full identity, because, obviously, they either believe that all of it is true and part of generally accepted opinion, or they think there is no danger of any consequences for them\u2014neither legal, nor moral, nor professional (because I thought someone would hesitate to write such things at least out of consideration that a potential employer or business partner might find it tomorrow).<\/p>\n<p>In these discussions, I noticed that some participants interpret the warning that antisemitism exists in our society and the call for a systemic fight against it as some kind of &#8220;accusation&#8221; against the Republic of Serbia or the Serbian people, which is a completely unfounded and wrong perception; then some of them react passionately and aggressively, with insults and threats. Opposing the discrimination of citizens from minority communities is a sign of the strength and responsibility of the state and society\u2014something that serves us all with honor, not shame.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to emphasize that, in addition to civil society initiatives in this field, there are also positive examples and tendencies of institutional work. The Republic of Serbia is a member of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), where it actively participates in the work of the Committee on Antisemitism and Holocaust Denial. The Government of the Republic of Serbia adopted the International Alliance&#8217;s Working Definition of Antisemitism on February 26, 2020, which is an important first step and a prerequisite for further work. In Novi Sad, a city Council for the Prevention of Antisemitism was established, which is a positive example that other cities and municipalities should follow. Despite this, some long-term, effective, and systemic strategies for combating antisemitism are still lacking.<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, a series of new antisemitic incidents occurred, the most terrible of which was certainly the one in which the attacker\u2014a radicalized Islamist who attacked a gendarme guarding the Israeli Embassy in Belgrade\u2014was killed. The attacker, a Serbian citizen, had previously scouted potential targets: the Belgrade synagogue Sukat Shalom and the Jewish Community building in Kralja Petra Street, before finally choosing the Israeli Embassy\u2014which shows that the targets of the attack were Jews, any Jews, not specifically Israel. This time, too, there was a lack of unambiguous labeling of the attack as antisemitic by the public and officials. There was talk of terrorism, but the word antisemitism was not spoken.<\/p>\n<p>The silence following the attack on Haver Serbia, the reactions on social networks that followed, as well as the lack of institutional measures and long-term strategies for countering antisemitism\u2014together with an insufficient understanding that such measures are necessary\u2014led me to think about how we could simply and quickly contribute to starting to change this situation in the Republic of Serbia for the better.<\/p>\n<p>Thus was born the realization that it would be useful to have a reference source with at least the most basic information on fundamental concepts and the most common questions or misconceptions related to antisemitism. This resource would have to be written in simple language, in brief points, to inform primarily those who shape public opinion and the understanding of antisemitism, such as media professionals, actors in the culture of remembrance, educators, policymakers, and decision-makers. Such a reference document would also be available to all others who care about a society built on the values of human dignity, the rule of law, pluralism, and tolerance, and who would like to broaden their horizons and think about how they themselves could contribute to recognizing and countering antisemitism and other forms of intolerance, discrimination, and hatred in time.<\/p>\n<p>The result of this idea is the ABCs of Antisemitism\u2014a collection of 26 sections with brief explanations of basic questions and concepts regarding antisemitism.<\/p>\n<p>I invite the media, educational and cultural workers, and decision-makers to use the ABCs of Antisemitism as a reference for finding answers about antisemitism, for responsible reporting, teaching, and formulating policies related to countering this centuries-old hatred.<\/p>\n<p>Mi\u0161ko Stani\u0161i\u0107<br \/>\n<em>Director of Terraforming, President of the Center for Combating Antisemitism (CBA), and member of the delegation of the Republic of Serbia to the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-kzs7c-06e784e0434aa83ab17c0e2444ad84b1 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_four_fifth  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-e6ck0-4b1f7bcbcb3dd4b4648220d7dee42d80\">\n.avia-image-container.av-e6ck0-4b1f7bcbcb3dd4b4648220d7dee42d80 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-e6ck0-4b1f7bcbcb3dd4b4648220d7dee42d80 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-e6ck0-4b1f7bcbcb3dd4b4648220d7dee42d80 av-styling- av-img-linked avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-9  el_before_av_button  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div 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0.384-0.256h5.696l-5.44-4.16h3.136zM24.32 10.56l-8.32 7.808-8.32-7.808h5.312v-8.192h6.080v8.192h5.248z\"><\/path>\n<\/svg><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >DOWNLOAD PDF<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/main><!-- close content main element --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-21nvk-8dced776c91288c91b6de71be52b8298\">\n.avia-section.av-21nvk-8dced776c91288c91b6de71be52b8298 .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_2'  class='avia-section av-21nvk-8dced776c91288c91b6de71be52b8298 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-xvhvk-2c88c17e6a82963bf42d606c4bc360a7 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-12  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-srma0-45a550793017b6e9b0c7d1d3dee896e0\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-srma0-45a550793017b6e9b0c7d1d3dee896e0 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-srma0-45a550793017b6e9b0c7d1d3dee896e0 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-srma0-45a550793017b6e9b0c7d1d3dee896e0 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-13  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 1. Who are the Jews?\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >1. Who are the Jews?<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Jews are a heterogeneous ethnic community linked by a certain sense of collective Jewish identity. Just as with other peoples, the sense of identification and belonging to the Jewish community is individual and can be based on very different elements: from upbringing, culture, and tradition, a sense of connection with relatives and the local community, shared historical experiences, to religious, spiritual, or philosophical motives. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-km68g-cefee81d9c0fad1936f24effa5ed766b\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-km68g-cefee81d9c0fad1936f24effa5ed766b p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-km68g-cefee81d9c0fad1936f24effa5ed766b p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-km68g-cefee81d9c0fad1936f24effa5ed766b p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-km68g-cefee81d9c0fad1936f24effa5ed766b .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-km68g-cefee81d9c0fad1936f24effa5ed766b  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1kjd4-df54b97d6a0132a71cf7f1503592b332'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-2' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-2' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-2' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-2' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-2' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Among Jews, more than 3,500 years ago, the first monotheistic religion\u2014Judaism\u2014emerged. At the end of the second millennium BCE, Jews founded their state in the area of Israel or Palestine, but the Romans destroyed it in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, which began the Jewish diaspora\u2014the expulsion of Jews from their land and their dispersal around the world. Since then, Jews have lived for centuries in different parts of the world, across Europe, through the Middle East and North Africa, North and South America, to South Africa and Australia. Because of this, Jewish culture and identity encompass elements of various cultures, languages, and traditions, and conversely, they have left a mark in many countries. Throughout history, Jews have made significant contributions to world culture, science, art, and philosophy.<\/p>\n<p>Just as is the case with other nations or ethnic groups, for some, the sense of belonging to the Jewish people is a key element, while for others, it is a less significant or only marginal element of identity. A personal sense of belonging or identification with a nation or an ethnic or religious group can depend on the situation and can be more or less relevant and important in different contexts and times.<\/p>\n<p>For those Jews who are religious, the shared religion\u2014Judaism\u2014is one of the important factors of identity. For those who are secular, important carriers of Jewish identity can be culture, tradition, customs, awareness of origin, and ties with immediate and extended family.<\/p>\n<p>For many Jews, a shared past is a significant part of their identity. This includes centuries of historical experiences of discrimination, persecution, and pogroms, but also survival, resourcefulness, resistance, and success.<\/p>\n<p>An important element of collective identity for many Jews is the experience of the Holocaust\u2014the attempt to exterminate the entire Jewish people during the Nazi era. For some Jews living in the State of Israel, Israel represents one of the unifying factors of national identity.<\/p>\n<p>But, apart from the common and touching points that contribute to a certain sense of collective Jewish identity, regardless of whether they live in the same country or in different countries around the world, Jews have the most diverse political, economic, cultural, and even religious and other views, attitudes, and interests, and in that sense, they are a very diverse group\u2014just like most other peoples.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-aowco-1d729c71c38260f6065295d4b8e45ab4 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-15  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m011o3tt-2330a6cb765ef78a0afa4a275c1ad160\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-m011o3tt-2330a6cb765ef78a0afa4a275c1ad160 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-m011o3tt-2330a6cb765ef78a0afa4a275c1ad160 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-m011o3tt-2330a6cb765ef78a0afa4a275c1ad160 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-16  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 2. What is antisemitism?\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >2. What is antisemitism?<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><b>Antisemitism is a specific form of hatred directed at Jews based on deeply rooted prejudices, stereotypes, and lies. Antisemitism can be directed at Jews as a group or as individuals, the Jewish community, institutions, and organizations, but also at non-Jews. Antisemitism is the oldest form of hatred in history that is still widespread and current. Antisemitism permeates European history and is embedded in European cultural heritage and identity. It is present today throughout the world, including in Serbia. <\/b><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m011orj1-c7dd4e9a33b1cd34765e885f242d0bb4\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m011orj1-c7dd4e9a33b1cd34765e885f242d0bb4 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m011orj1-c7dd4e9a33b1cd34765e885f242d0bb4 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m011orj1-c7dd4e9a33b1cd34765e885f242d0bb4 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m011orj1-c7dd4e9a33b1cd34765e885f242d0bb4 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-m011orj1-c7dd4e9a33b1cd34765e885f242d0bb4  avia-builder-el-17  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-m011op3n-c1dbbfb54c30f8f28cdd10cdd28472c1'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-3' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-3' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-3' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-3' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-3' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Antisemitism is a form of xenophobia and racism that can be most simply defined as hatred toward Jews. Antisemitism is always based on prejudices, stereotypes, forgeries, lies, and myths. Antisemitism is sometimes directed at non-Jews\u2014individuals, groups, or organizations that antisemites consider Jewish or identify and associate with Jews even if they are not. It can focus on hatred toward individuals\u2014ordinary citizens or famous and public figures, toward the ethnic and cultural identification of Jews, toward Judaism as a religion, toward the State of Israel as a symbol of the Jewish collective, toward real or imagined Jewish institutions and organizations, and even toward political, scientific, philosophical, and other views, movements, and ideas, regardless of whether they objectively have anything to do with Jews or not.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ooubs-92be568c4145cf8e6753f397b8201391\">\n.avia-section.av-ooubs-92be568c4145cf8e6753f397b8201391{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n.avia-section.av-ooubs-92be568c4145cf8e6753f397b8201391 .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_3'  class='avia-section av-ooubs-92be568c4145cf8e6753f397b8201391 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-18  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-j259c-6ef2f418393cb6ea9bbdd0eabbfd810b av_one_half  avia-builder-el-19  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m0121w3r-7f318a7ff021fcc2459b6db417abcd39\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-m0121w3r-7f318a7ff021fcc2459b6db417abcd39 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-m0121w3r-7f318a7ff021fcc2459b6db417abcd39 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-m0121w3r-7f318a7ff021fcc2459b6db417abcd39 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-20  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 3. Antisemitism is the &quot;canary in the coal mine&quot;\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >3. Antisemitism is the \"canary in the coal mine\"<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>The appearance of antisemitism signals social problems and indicates a threat to the basic rights and freedoms not only of the Jewish community but of all citizens and society as a whole. The presence and prevalence of antisemitism is an indicator of a broader social crisis, and the society&#8217;s attitude toward antisemitism is a measure of the threat to or the strength of pluralism and the democratic order in any society. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m0122t2m-35719a4f2b625f295ce96567e3c43879\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m0122t2m-35719a4f2b625f295ce96567e3c43879 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m0122t2m-35719a4f2b625f295ce96567e3c43879 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m0122t2m-35719a4f2b625f295ce96567e3c43879 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m0122t2m-35719a4f2b625f295ce96567e3c43879 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-m0122t2m-35719a4f2b625f295ce96567e3c43879  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-m0122rnm-4e1d41c66afde8888fd373c8b858c729'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-4' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-4' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-4' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-4' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-4' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The term &#8220;canary in the coal mine&#8221; is used to describe antisemitism as an indicator of a broader social crisis. In the past, miners used canaries to detect the presence of toxic gases\u2014if the bird died, it was a sign that the miners were in danger. Analogously, antisemitism often appears as the first sign that other freedoms and rights in society are under threat. When antisemitism becomes visible in society, it can be an indicator that other minority groups are also at risk. The fight against antisemitism is not just a fight for Jews, but also for the preservation of basic human rights and democratic values. Historically, societies that tolerated or supported antisemitism often slid into authoritarianism, violence, and oppression. Therefore, suppressing antisemitism is vital for preserving pluralism and the democratic order in every society.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-d4ayg-fbfa9768a04912604e3483257fbfb12f av_one_half  avia-builder-el-22  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m0123t57-6cd8077b3613e08ddcdf009afffaa6ee\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-m0123t57-6cd8077b3613e08ddcdf009afffaa6ee .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-m0123t57-6cd8077b3613e08ddcdf009afffaa6ee .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-m0123t57-6cd8077b3613e08ddcdf009afffaa6ee av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-23  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 4. The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) Definition of Antisemitism\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >4. The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) Definition of Antisemitism<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>The non-legally binding working definition of antisemitism of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), adopted in 2016, has established itself as the most important globally accepted document relied upon by governments, parliaments, international bodies, institutions, sports federations, universities, civil society, business entities, and many others to understand and identify antisemitism, and to create strategies and guidelines for the fight against antisemitism. By July 2024, the definition had been adopted or endorsed by the parliaments and governments of over 45 countries, including the Government of the Republic of Serbia by a decision on February 26, 2020. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m0126tmc-9cede65a20873b4cc2a4194e03eee8b3\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m0126tmc-9cede65a20873b4cc2a4194e03eee8b3 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m0126tmc-9cede65a20873b4cc2a4194e03eee8b3 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m0126tmc-9cede65a20873b4cc2a4194e03eee8b3 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m0126tmc-9cede65a20873b4cc2a4194e03eee8b3 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-m0126tmc-9cede65a20873b4cc2a4194e03eee8b3  avia-builder-el-24  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-m0126j3r-2825eb77e9ff6da54db03eaa35e84adc'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-5' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-5' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-5' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-5' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-5' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>With 35 full member countries, including the Republic of Serbia since 2011, and permanent partner organizations including the United Nations, UNESCO, OSCE, the Council of Europe, and the European Union, the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) is the most important intergovernmental organization and international authority when it comes to identifying challenges, creating trends, and formulating and implementing policies, guidelines, and recommendations in the field of the culture of remembrance of the Holocaust and the fight against antisemitism.<\/p>\n<p>The non-legally binding working definition of antisemitism of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) was adopted in 2016. Since then, it has become the most important globally accepted document relied upon by governments, parliaments, international bodies, institutions, sports federations, universities, civil society, and many others to understand and identify antisemitism. The definition has been adopted or endorsed by parliaments and governments in over 45 countries, including the Government of the Republic of Serbia, which confirmed the non-legally binding working definition of antisemitism on February 26, 2020, by a decision at a Government session. Thus, in the Republic of Serbia as well, this document should be the basis for creating policies and guidelines for identifying and combating antisemitism, as well as strategies for improving the knowledge and professional capacities of relevant professionals and actors, such as public administration, the judiciary, the police, journalists, and workers in education, culture, and others.<\/p>\n<p>The definition is available in its entirety on the website of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), including the translation into Serbian. It states: \u201cAntisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and\/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It further states the following: \u201cManifestations might include the targeting of the state of Israel, conceived as a Jewish collectivity. However, criticism of Israel similar to that leveled against any other country cannot be regarded as antisemitic. Antisemitism frequently charges Jews with conspiring to harm humanity, and it is often used to blame Jews for \u2018why things go wrong.\u2019 It is expressed in speech, writing, visual forms and action, and employs sinister stereotypes and negative character traits.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The text continues by offering a series of contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere. Read it on the IHRA website:<\/p>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-ad2fc-2583bb040d9a74ed2a04981cbdb2ea23-wrap avia-button-center  avia-builder-el-25  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><a href='https:\/\/bit.ly\/IHRA_defnicija_antisemitizma'  class='avia-button av-ad2fc-2583bb040d9a74ed2a04981cbdb2ea23 av-link-btn avia-icon_select-yes-right-icon avia-size-large avia-position-center avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"IHRA website\"><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >IHRA website<\/span><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_right avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue835' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1jgf0g-cf25e3c7c436cdf0b99d396e43723ff7\">\n.avia-section.av-1jgf0g-cf25e3c7c436cdf0b99d396e43723ff7 .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_4'  class='avia-section av-1jgf0g-cf25e3c7c436cdf0b99d396e43723ff7 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-26  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1fif4o-bc341164ef7f33783e931bd329f0a4a8 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-27  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-185ufs-abd7b54038816e525763df2ca9f3d25a\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-185ufs-abd7b54038816e525763df2ca9f3d25a .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-185ufs-abd7b54038816e525763df2ca9f3d25a .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-185ufs-abd7b54038816e525763df2ca9f3d25a av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-28  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 5. The term &quot;antisemitism&quot;\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >5. The term \"antisemitism\"<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Although the thesis of &#8220;Semitic peoples&#8221; as a racist concept is outdated in contemporary science, and the word &#8220;antisemitism&#8221; itself was created as an expression of hatred toward Jews, the term &#8220;antisemitism&#8221; has remained to this day and denotes a specific form of hatred directed toward Jews. The term &#8220;antisemitism,&#8221; since it was coined, refers exclusively to Jews. It has never had other meanings. The theses that antisemitism as a term refers or can refer to other peoples or groups besides Jews are incorrect and unfounded. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-14zywg-c7276e0b1d6fefd6697aedeb21eaf136\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-14zywg-c7276e0b1d6fefd6697aedeb21eaf136 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-14zywg-c7276e0b1d6fefd6697aedeb21eaf136 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-14zywg-c7276e0b1d6fefd6697aedeb21eaf136 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-14zywg-c7276e0b1d6fefd6697aedeb21eaf136 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-14zywg-c7276e0b1d6fefd6697aedeb21eaf136  avia-builder-el-29  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-wkens-2f59c7428ed165329a19e1e461251af1'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-6' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-6' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-6' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-6' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-6' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The concept of &#8220;Semitic peoples&#8221; in a racial context appeared as early as the 1770s. At the beginning of the 20th century, pseudo-science based on racist worldviews promoted the thesis of &#8220;Semitic peoples&#8221; as a special ethnic, cultural, and racial category that would include Arabs, Jews, Phoenicians, and other peoples. The concept of &#8220;Semites&#8221; or &#8220;Semitic peoples&#8221; is today outdated and rejected in contemporary science, and is no longer used except in linguistics, where it denotes a group of languages we call &#8220;Semitic languages.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The term &#8220;antisemitism&#8221; was coined and popularized by the German journalist and politician Wilhelm Marr at the end of the 19th century. Marr was a self-avowed hater of Jews and a fierce opponent of the emancipation of Jews and other minority groups into modern German society. With the term &#8220;antisemitism,&#8221; he wanted to emphasize hostility toward Jews based on their ethnic origin, and not just religion. In 1879, Marr also founded the Antisemites&#8217; League\u2014the first German organization dedicated specifically to fighting the alleged &#8220;danger&#8221; that Jews posed to German society. Thus, the term &#8220;antisemitism&#8221; itself arose as an expression of animosity toward Jews, that is\u2014the form of hatred we call antisemitism today.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-qtvh4-ed460662eec30ed98f377225899c7bb1 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-30  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l6988-570b38e0f49c9f1513e57ecfd85375ed\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-l6988-570b38e0f49c9f1513e57ecfd85375ed .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-l6988-570b38e0f49c9f1513e57ecfd85375ed .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-l6988-570b38e0f49c9f1513e57ecfd85375ed av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-31  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 6. How is antisemitism expressed?\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >6. How is antisemitism expressed?<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Antisemitism can manifest in many ways and in different forms: from subtle antisemitic allusions, discrimination, the spread of antisemitic conspiracy theories, and threats, to physical violence. Every manifestation of antisemitism is toxic and unacceptable, even in cases where the act of antisemitism takes place where there are no Jews. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-gzbl4-ba663eb2d77a4eb66aa3ffde539cf89b\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-gzbl4-ba663eb2d77a4eb66aa3ffde539cf89b p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-gzbl4-ba663eb2d77a4eb66aa3ffde539cf89b p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-gzbl4-ba663eb2d77a4eb66aa3ffde539cf89b p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-gzbl4-ba663eb2d77a4eb66aa3ffde539cf89b .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-gzbl4-ba663eb2d77a4eb66aa3ffde539cf89b  avia-builder-el-32  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-b6vq8-133575b5e987b9cb9124c25b650b2afc'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-7' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-7' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-7' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-7' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-7' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Antisemitism is expressed and can be found in all forms and formats of human communication and interaction and in all spheres of life: through &#8220;jokes,&#8221; via indirect or open verbal attacks and accusations, through graffiti on the streets, caricatures, and internet &#8220;memes,&#8221; by desecrating or destroying Jewish symbols and objects, through Holocaust denial and distortion, anonymous or open threats to Jewish individuals, the community, or institutions, all the way to violence, pogroms, and murder.<\/p>\n<p>Antisemitism can be manifested openly and directly, targeted at a specific victim\u2014whether Jewish individuals, ordinary citizens, or famous public figures, or toward the Jewish community or institutions. In that case, antisemitism is expressed precisely with the intention of exposing the victim to aggression, putting them in an uncomfortable situation, hurting, insulting, humiliating, upsetting, and frightening them. But antisemitism is also expressed in contexts where there are no Jews present, so there is seemingly no direct victim. It is important to emphasize that even in such a case, it is an antisemitic incident, because every manifestation of antisemitism is toxic and unacceptable.<\/p>\n<p>Antisemitism can be expressed through political, economic, and social conspiracy theories. It can be recognized in the political views of the far left and right, and is often clearly evident on banners, flags, symbols, and slogans during demonstrations by those organizations. It is present in football stadiums in the chanting of certain fan groups. It can be recognized in the views of some religious officials or in religious propaganda, among both Christians and Muslims. Antisemitism is particularly dangerous when it is abused by groups that, hiding behind the screen of faith, actually work on radicalization and the recruitment of terrorists. Antisemitism can also be present in education, in schools and universities, among teachers and professors, in textbooks and teaching materials, as well as among pupils and students.<\/p>\n<p>Antisemitism often manifests through indirect allusions in everyday conversations, and it is also present in popular culture and quasi-scientific literature. It is massively present in the digital sphere: on social networks, various websites, and internet portals. It can also be found in some games. It is frequently distributed through posts on networks, &#8220;comments&#8221; on posts and articles, through audio and video podcasts, and other digital formats.<\/p>\n<p>Antisemitism is often expressed through &#8220;coded&#8221; language, without Jews being mentioned directly and openly, through indirect allusions. Thus, for example, mentions are made of &#8220;globalists,&#8221; &#8220;wealthy families who rule the world,&#8221; &#8220;Khazars,&#8221; &#8220;Masons,&#8221; &#8220;Zionists,&#8221; &#8220;those behind the deep state,&#8221; &#8220;the powerful who really manage world monetary policy\/the stock market\/the media,&#8221; and the like.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1pwh6g-0ac4dc34764cc836ee80de2cf23ddbff\">\n.avia-section.av-1pwh6g-0ac4dc34764cc836ee80de2cf23ddbff{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n.avia-section.av-1pwh6g-0ac4dc34764cc836ee80de2cf23ddbff .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_5'  class='avia-section av-1pwh6g-0ac4dc34764cc836ee80de2cf23ddbff main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-33  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1liuso-e8df12ac6852c9241884413873905840 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-34  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1dhhcw-793bf61f5366480986042f532d853d0b\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-1dhhcw-793bf61f5366480986042f532d853d0b .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-1dhhcw-793bf61f5366480986042f532d853d0b .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-1dhhcw-793bf61f5366480986042f532d853d0b av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-35  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 7. How are victims of antisemitism affected?\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >7. How are victims of antisemitism affected?<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Antisemitism leaves severe consequences for victims who often feel isolated, helpless, and left to their own devices. Insults, harassment, humiliation, threats, and the feeling that their safety is threatened make the victim of antisemitism very vulnerable. The existence of latent or open antisemitism in society often leads the victim to hide their Jewish identity. Antisemitism leaves psychological and emotional consequences that can be transmitted from generation to generation. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-16rjhc-17d3496774261a99ac1e157c783ebadc\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-16rjhc-17d3496774261a99ac1e157c783ebadc p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-16rjhc-17d3496774261a99ac1e157c783ebadc p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-16rjhc-17d3496774261a99ac1e157c783ebadc p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-16rjhc-17d3496774261a99ac1e157c783ebadc .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-16rjhc-17d3496774261a99ac1e157c783ebadc  avia-builder-el-36  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-15nsxc-c499a8813fc68ede2ac5ac0643e1ac4f'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-8' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-8' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-8' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-8' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-8' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antisemitism has deep psychological and social consequences for its victims. People exposed to antisemitism often feel the need to hide their identity for fear of discrimination or violence. A sense of insecurity can lead to isolation, anxiety, and depression. Antisemitism affects not only individuals but entire families and communities, which face vandalism, attacks on synagogues, and other forms of violence. Long-term consequences of antisemitism include social marginalization and the weakening of a shared identity. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Victims of antisemitism often, in order not to &#8220;expose&#8221; their Jewish origin or belonging to the Jewish community, hesitate to express their opinion, avoid socializing with other Jews, do not observe Jewish holidays, and do not practice their culture and customs. In extreme cases, under continuous stress and pressure, victims may decide to emigrate as a final act in the hope that elsewhere they will be protected and enjoy the same freedoms and rights as all other citizens. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When young people are witnesses or targets of antisemitism in their communities, they can feel particularly humiliated, frightened, and vulnerable. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-3cgag-9e9e7fa3a525d6c26885ba19362e5006 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-37  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-rx6lk-8685f12df481715a4fa428b6a1f8f233\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-rx6lk-8685f12df481715a4fa428b6a1f8f233 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-rx6lk-8685f12df481715a4fa428b6a1f8f233 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-rx6lk-8685f12df481715a4fa428b6a1f8f233 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-38  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 8. Who are the antisemites?\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >8. Who are the antisemites?<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>As the oldest form of hatred, antisemitism has for centuries been widespread and rooted in the pores of European identity, culture, and various segments of society. Therefore, antisemitism can still be found today in all parts of society\u2014among the rich and poor, men and women, old and young, highly educated and uneducated. Antisemites are individuals or groups who express hatred toward Jews and everything they consider &#8220;Jewish&#8221; or associate with Jews, whether for political, cultural, religious, nationalist, or racist motives, and sometimes as a result of misinformation. Regardless of the motives, all forms of antisemitism are unacceptable not only because they threaten the Jewish community but also basic civic and democratic values, and thus all citizens. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m5iio-635be041e6c2b4962ae0b329b29cc060\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m5iio-635be041e6c2b4962ae0b329b29cc060 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m5iio-635be041e6c2b4962ae0b329b29cc060 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m5iio-635be041e6c2b4962ae0b329b29cc060 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m5iio-635be041e6c2b4962ae0b329b29cc060 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-m5iio-635be041e6c2b4962ae0b329b29cc060  avia-builder-el-39  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-ea2tc-b7c654ea5c1c4d2f85d6fed70bf747de'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-9' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-9' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-9' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-9' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-9' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Antisemitism is often associated with radical right-wing or left-wing ideologies, or religious extremism. Some antisemites are open and clearly express animosity toward Jews, while some are more subtle, such as some contemporary political or social movements that discreetly use antisemitic rhetoric. However, it is important to understand that antisemites are not only followers of fascism or jihadists, as many think, but are also among quite ordinary people in our surroundings. Antisemites can be individuals from different social strata and ideological backgrounds\u2014from open extremists and inveterate haters to ordinary people who are misled by stereotypes and conspiracy theories.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes people are not aware of their prejudices, nor that their statements and actions deeply offend and seriously endanger individuals and the Jewish community. In this way, they participate in the promotion and spread of antisemitic stereotypes, lies, and conspiracy theories without realizing to what extent their actions directly affect people in their immediate environment\u2014fellow citizens, neighbors, colleagues at work or school, even personal friends. But, unfortunately, there are also those who are quite aware that they are spreading hatred and do not care about the consequences. When it comes to groups and organizations that promote antisemitism, they are always deeply aware of what they are doing and what the consequences of their actions are.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2ummtc-1f498a026e3419653775c7869ebd5ca4\">\n.avia-section.av-2ummtc-1f498a026e3419653775c7869ebd5ca4 .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_6'  class='avia-section av-2ummtc-1f498a026e3419653775c7869ebd5ca4 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-40  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-2qmu48-3f6b6a2536511cf11e71975ecb0321b4 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-41  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m1rw4f63-820a82b2f76a8c49fb9f45706aac2fe8\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-m1rw4f63-820a82b2f76a8c49fb9f45706aac2fe8 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-m1rw4f63-820a82b2f76a8c49fb9f45706aac2fe8 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-m1rw4f63-820a82b2f76a8c49fb9f45706aac2fe8 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-42  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 9. Antisemitism through history\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >9. Antisemitism through history<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>The characteristics and manifestations of antisemitism have changed over time, adapting to different cultural, religious, and political contexts. One of the basic specificities of antisemitism is precisely its persistence and ability to transform and adapt to new social situations in different periods. Although it has changed throughout history, antisemitism has always been based on old and well-known myths and stereotypes that only changed form, but not essence. We can define several of the most characteristic forms of antisemitism through history: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Christian antisemitism,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Traditional antisemitism, <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Racial antisemitism, <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Nazi antisemitism, <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Contemporary antisemitism.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2kpoi8-05d74e7429a3188bd3908a98a9ca8123\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-2kpoi8-05d74e7429a3188bd3908a98a9ca8123 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-2kpoi8-05d74e7429a3188bd3908a98a9ca8123 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-2kpoi8-05d74e7429a3188bd3908a98a9ca8123 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-2kpoi8-05d74e7429a3188bd3908a98a9ca8123 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-2kpoi8-05d74e7429a3188bd3908a98a9ca8123  avia-builder-el-43  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-2emztk-cdcfcc736965cab6ea985c4e63560e56'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-10' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-10' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-10' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-10' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-10' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Antisemitism has evolved over the centuries, shaped by various cultural, religious, and political factors:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Christian antisemitism:<\/strong> This form of antisemitism appeared with the rise of Christianity out of Christianity&#8217;s need to show its superiority over Judaism as the older monotheistic religion from which Christianity drew its roots, and over the Jews as the people on whose fate the Old Testament is based. Characteristic is the blaming of Jews for the crucifixion of Jesus, that is, accusations of &#8220;deicide.&#8221; Christian religious antisemitism created deeply rooted prejudices against Jews in Christian societies, which led to various forms of persecution for centuries.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traditional antisemitism:<\/strong> During the Middle Ages, Jews were often declared guilty of the most diverse social problems. Jewish communities were subjected to expulsions and pogroms (England 1290, France 1306, Spain 1492). They were accused of blood libel (the absurd lie that Jews use the blood of Christian children in religious rites) and usury (lending money with interest) and were victims of violence in mass riots, especially during crises such as the plague epidemic, when Jews were accused of spreading the disease.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Racial antisemitism:<\/strong> In the 19th century, with the development of pseudo-scientific racial theories, antisemitism shifted from religious prejudice to racial hatred. Jews were now seen not as a religious group, but as a separate, essentially different inferior &#8220;race&#8221; that could not be assimilated into the newly formed nations. This form of antisemitism emphasized biological determinism and was linked to European colonialism and imperialism.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nazi antisemitism:<\/strong> Under Nazism, antisemitism reached its most destructive form. Deeply rooted in racial antisemitism, Nazi ideology portrayed Jews as an existential threat to the German people and the &#8220;purity of the Aryan race,&#8221; the culprits for all social problems, and those behind all &#8220;German enemies&#8221; from capitalism to Bolshevism, which culminated in the systematic murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust\u2014a crime in which, besides the Germans, numerous collaborators and associates, and millions of passive observers across Europe, participated.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Contemporary antisemitism:<\/strong> After the Second World War, antisemitism did not disappear. Today it manifests in various ways, including the denial or distortion and abuse of Holocaust history, the demonization of Israel, as well as numerous conspiracy theories suggesting that Jews control global finance, the media, or governments. Many of the antisemitic myths in contemporary society draw roots from very old absurd accusations against Jews, so that, for example, the conspiracy theory that Jews were behind the Covid-19 pandemic is in fact only a modernized form of the old accusation about poisoning wells and spreading the plague. Antisemitism is often linked to other forms of xenophobia and racism. Characteristic of contemporary antisemitism is also hostility toward the State of Israel, especially when disguised as criticism of Israel&#8217;s policies it denies Israel&#8217;s right to exist. Today, antisemitism remains a constant threat, characterized by violence, terrorism, and attacks on synagogues, Jewish schools, and individuals.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Historical aspects of antisemitism reflect the persistence and adaptability of antisemitism in different periods and contexts, and its deep rootedness in cultural, religious, and political systems. From early Christian antisemitism to Nazism and contemporary forms of this hatred, antisemitism remains a powerful and dangerous force. Understanding the historical context and its evolution is key to fighting contemporary manifestations of antisemitism.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-27jnow-89b396f8e0bf2357be1d9fee79509d5b av_one_half  avia-builder-el-44  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-24ch34-7c3cb47c67cb22de87a5716cb28351b9\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-24ch34-7c3cb47c67cb22de87a5716cb28351b9 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-24ch34-7c3cb47c67cb22de87a5716cb28351b9 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-24ch34-7c3cb47c67cb22de87a5716cb28351b9 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-45  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 10. Antisemitism in Serbia\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >10. Antisemitism in Serbia<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Although Jews are an integral part of Serbian history and culture, antisemitism has been present in Serbia in various forms. Between the two world wars, right-wing and pro-fascist movements in Serbia propagated antisemitic ideas. After the war and the enormous suffering of Jews in the Holocaust, antisemitism was present in less obvious forms, but it has strengthened again since the 1990s. Contemporary antisemitism in Serbia is found in various forms of xenophobia toward minority groups in society; it is present in pro-Russian and anti-European propaganda, various conspiracy theories, and manifests through the abuse and manipulation of Holocaust history, anti-Israeli, but also traditional antisemitism, and is often linked to nationalist narratives. The carriers of antisemitism in Serbia today are various anti-democratic forces, right-wing and left-wing extremists, radical Islamists, but also ordinary citizens, many of whom are not even aware that they are expressing and spreading antisemitic views, which makes the problem more complex. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1wn95c-334136d72fe6e3f815acc903c63ae0cf\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1wn95c-334136d72fe6e3f815acc903c63ae0cf p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1wn95c-334136d72fe6e3f815acc903c63ae0cf p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1wn95c-334136d72fe6e3f815acc903c63ae0cf p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1wn95c-334136d72fe6e3f815acc903c63ae0cf .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-1wn95c-334136d72fe6e3f815acc903c63ae0cf  avia-builder-el-46  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1o8194-ced509503aa9bf6ef9dafcb685482cab'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-11' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-11' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-11' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-11' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-11' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>In the period between the two world wars, as in other parts of Europe, antisemitism inspired by racist ideas and a fascist political worldview appeared in Serbia. During the Second World War, the occupying authorities were assisted by Nedi\u0107&#8217;s Government of National Salvation, the Ljoti\u0107evci, the gendarmerie, and the special police, as well as part of the Chetnik movement, in spreading antisemitic propaganda, identifying, arresting, detaining, and mass destroying Jews in Serbia.<\/p>\n<p>Over the last thirty years, since the wars of the 1990s, antisemitism has been more present in Serbian society. Contemporary antisemitism in Serbia occurs in the broader context of radicalization, intolerance, xenophobia, and racism, which follows a pattern of expressing intolerance, often open hatred toward various minority groups, the &#8220;other&#8221; and the different.<br \/>\nAntisemitic literature is available in bookstores in Serbia. Hundreds of antisemitic titles have been published by various publishing houses, both new &#8220;works&#8221; by Serbian authors and reprints of works by Serbian collaborators and proven antisemites from the Nazi era.<\/p>\n<p>Certain tabloids occasionally publish antisemitic texts or texts by authors who can be linked to antisemitism. Some television stations in Serbia, even some of those with a national broadcasting license, from time to time bring guests into their programs who express antisemitic views and propaganda, and it also happens that they broadcast openly antisemitic reports produced in other countries or taken directly from controversial and racist YouTube channels.<\/p>\n<p>Social networks in Serbia, just as in other countries, are the primary source for spreading antisemitic propaganda. On popular networks, various groups and individuals from time to time publish antisemitic content. Some of such content originated abroad and is shared without translation into Serbian, some is translated and adapted, and some is produced in Serbia.<\/p>\n<p>Contemporary antisemitism among right-wing organizations in Serbia is characterized by the celebration and promotion of the rehabilitation of Serbian fascists and collaborators such as Milan Nedi\u0107 or Dimitrije Ljoti\u0107. Some right-wing organizations that represent significant carriers of antisemitism in today&#8217;s Serbia draw inspiration from the work and personality of Nikolaj Velimirovi\u0107. Among left-wing organizations in Serbia, antisemitism associated with opposition to globalism, imperialism, and capitalism is characteristic, which they link to old antisemitic myths about &#8220;world Jewish power and conspiracy.&#8221; For leftists, masking anti-Jewish propaganda behind alleged criticism of Israel is also characteristic. In Serbia, there are also radicalized Islamist groups that, among others, have antisemitic goals. All these groups carry out various actions that are often colored by antisemitism, from demonstrations to writing graffiti, attacks on Jewish property and institutions\u2014such as the attack on the premises of the NGO Haver in December 2023\u2014and even to terrorism, such as the case of the attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade in July 2024.<\/p>\n<p>However, ordinary citizens who do not belong to extreme political and radicalized groups also participate in the spread and promotion of antisemitic ideas and propaganda, sometimes consciously, and sometimes as a consequence of ignorance and misinformation.<\/p>\n<p>Antisemitism typically appeared and spread in our society during times of crisis and insecurity. In the context of the NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, it was common to question the \u201cloyalty\u201d of the Serbian Jewish community, which was accused of complicity in the NATO aggression or of \u201cnot doing enough to prevent it\u201d \u2013 which was also based on the myth of \u201cworld Jewish power.\u201d During the COVID-19 pandemic, some conspiracy theories accused Jews of creating and spreading the infection, and Dr. Predrag Kon was particularly targeted with antisemitic insults and accusations.<\/p>\n<p>The focus on the comparative suffering of the Jewish and Serbian people, characteristic of Serbian nationalist discourse on Serbian martyrdom, is often expressed through the distortion and abuse of history for nationalist propaganda and the spread of fear and hatred. Such narratives are also underpinned by antisemitic stereotypes.<\/p>\n<p>In the Republic of Serbia, there are no developed mechanisms for reporting antisemitic incidents, for monitoring and tracking antisemitism, nor is there a national strategy or action plan for countering antisemitism, making it very difficult to objectively monitor the state of antisemitism in our society.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1lriiw-5e209bcae86d855d6eb8da3860288845\">\n.avia-section.av-1lriiw-5e209bcae86d855d6eb8da3860288845{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n.avia-section.av-1lriiw-5e209bcae86d855d6eb8da3860288845 .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_7'  class='avia-section av-1lriiw-5e209bcae86d855d6eb8da3860288845 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-47  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-4u22o-05ba4124f1153a5755fa85bd7d896aff av_one_half  avia-builder-el-48  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1a9ecg-c2b5d8bc68d64284c4d4a7c3505465ae\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-1a9ecg-c2b5d8bc68d64284c4d4a7c3505465ae .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-1a9ecg-c2b5d8bc68d64284c4d4a7c3505465ae .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-1a9ecg-c2b5d8bc68d64284c4d4a7c3505465ae av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-49  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 11. Stereotypical &quot;Traits&quot; of Jews\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >11. Stereotypical \"Traits\" of Jews<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>For centuries, and still today, prejudices and beliefs about certain stereotypical, most often negative, characteristics supposedly &#8220;typical of Jews&#8221; persist in many societies. These stereotypes are often contradictory. In everyday conversations, newspaper articles, literature, theatrical and film works, popular culture, and through memes on social media, Jews are often portrayed as cunning, insidious, fickle, greedy, immoral, disloyal, and hostile towards all non-Jews and followers of other religions. At the same time, certain alleged physical characteristics are attributed to them, such as shorter stature, large nose, hunched posture, a &#8220;bloodthirsty&#8221; gaze, prominent, thick and often long beards, long gnarled fingers, and similar. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>These prejudices are present today, even in our society, in the broadest public discourse: in culture, politics, in jokes, discussions and analyses in the media, in overt or discreet anti-Jewish propaganda, and even in schools.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-13znsw-488a82c0078543977f2156e9c0a30cc3\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-13znsw-488a82c0078543977f2156e9c0a30cc3 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-13znsw-488a82c0078543977f2156e9c0a30cc3 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-13znsw-488a82c0078543977f2156e9c0a30cc3 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-13znsw-488a82c0078543977f2156e9c0a30cc3 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-13znsw-488a82c0078543977f2156e9c0a30cc3  avia-builder-el-50  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-wlv4o-61df5965f878555d2b81f9f4deaadd2f'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-12' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-12' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-12' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-12' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-12' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Any attribution of a set of common traits to all members of an entire people, especially when that people, as is the case with Jews, lives dispersed throughout the world, deeply integrated into various local cultures and nations, is clearly completely meaningless and unfounded. In the case of Jews, prejudices about &#8220;characteristic Jewish traits&#8221; have for centuries served as justification for discrimination, segregation, and violence.<\/p>\n<p>The belief that all Jews, regardless of their origin, culture, and society to which they belong, possess certain (most often) negative character traits, goes deep into the past.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the already mentioned &#8220;bad moral and personal characteristics&#8221; attributed to them, Jews are often visually represented with pronounced details related to certain segments of Jewish religion and tradition, especially Hasidic (Orthodox currents in Judaism). They are depicted wearing black coats, white shirts, with long beards and specific hats, from under which peyot (curly sideburns) protrude. In other cases, David&#8217;s stars are prominently seen on necklaces, badges, and other places. In reality, Jewish tradition is extremely diverse, and there are a large number of groups among religious Jews who adhere to and follow completely different dress codes and appearances, just as there is a huge number of those who are secular or express their religious customs very discreetly.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes Jews are depicted as wealthy industrialists or bankers, fat people with exaggeratedly large stomachs in expensive suits and hats. Recently, Jews in drawings and memes are often depicted with drawn knives or other weapons, or with bloody hands, or other ways are used to emphasize their bloodthirstiness and criminal character.<\/p>\n<p>Many of these &#8220;traits&#8221; attributed to Jews are contradictory. For example, on the one hand, Jews are presented as ugly, dirty, and disgusting, and on the other, as seducers who sexually exploit young non-Jewish women.<\/p>\n<p>In the 19th and 20th centuries, pseudoscientific racial theories introduced &#8220;biological&#8221; clich\u00e9s into the antisemitic image of Jews, and political propaganda transformed it into caricatures, illustrations in children&#8217;s books and textbooks, posters, and other formats for spreading hatred. Nazi propaganda specifically built the image of the &#8220;dangerous&#8221; and &#8220;parasitic&#8221; Jew through stereotypes.<\/p>\n<p>The same visual clich\u00e9s are recycled today in internet memes, and stereotypical traits of Jews continue to be reproduced. The form is more modern, but the function is the same: normalization of hatred and dehumanization.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, even today, the same and similar patterns appear in various forms, while the essence remains the same, based on prejudice, stereotypes, lies, and generalization. All these generalizations are not a reflection of facts, but a result of prejudices that have for centuries served to dehumanize Jews and justify hatred. Therefore, it is important to recognize and reject these clich\u00e9s in everyday speech, media, education, and politics, because they are not harmless patterns, but the driving fuel of antisemitism.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-b3vpc-0d5d8bd0d344de05035b375f9cb64497 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-51  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m5b2o8p3-b03d89665cc540492edc5b59130789e6\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-m5b2o8p3-b03d89665cc540492edc5b59130789e6 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-m5b2o8p3-b03d89665cc540492edc5b59130789e6 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-m5b2o8p3-b03d89665cc540492edc5b59130789e6 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-52  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 12. How to Recognize Antisemitism? The 3Ds: Delegitimization, Demonization, and Double Standards \"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >12. How to Recognize Antisemitism? The 3Ds: Delegitimization, Demonization, and Double Standards <\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>The 3D methodology provides a clear framework for identifying antisemitism, especially in the context of criticism of Israel, but also in other cases involving manifestations of antisemitism towards Jewish (and non-Jewish) individuals, communities, institutions, and organizations. This methodology helps distinguish legitimate criticism from antisemitism, which can be disguised and subtle. The name &#8220;3D&#8221; refers to three key elements: Delegitimization, Demonization, and Double Standards. When analyzing various situations to define whether it is antisemitism or legitimate criticism, the following questions are asked: Is the right to exist denied only to Israel or also to other states? Is the criticism based on evidence and facts, or on stereotypes and emotions that demonize the Jewish people or the State of Israel? Is Israel treated by the same standards as other states in similar circumstances? <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m5b2pacq-cb2fe4aa0c96a07fe0cc9dcc69a7637c\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m5b2pacq-cb2fe4aa0c96a07fe0cc9dcc69a7637c p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m5b2pacq-cb2fe4aa0c96a07fe0cc9dcc69a7637c p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m5b2pacq-cb2fe4aa0c96a07fe0cc9dcc69a7637c p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-m5b2pacq-cb2fe4aa0c96a07fe0cc9dcc69a7637c .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-m5b2pacq-cb2fe4aa0c96a07fe0cc9dcc69a7637c  avia-builder-el-53  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-m5b2p7te-6ed23f2c8fad13aeb563e01f142b0d81'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-13' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-13' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-13' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-13' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-13' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Applying the 3D methodology (Delegitimization, Demonization, Double Standards) in practice provides a structured approach to recognizing antisemitism. This methodology for identifying antisemitism was developed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikiwand.com\/en\/articles\/Natan_Sharansky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Natan Sharansky<\/a>, a former Soviet dissident and human rights activist.<\/p>\n<h4>1. Delegitimization<\/h4>\n<p>Delegitimization is recognized when Israel&#8217;s right to exist as a sovereign state is denied. This goes beyond criticism of specific political decisions and challenges the fundamental right of the Israeli people to self-determination. In practice, this can manifest through: statements that the founding of Israel was a historical &#8220;mistake&#8221;; that the State of Israel has no right to defend itself; political initiatives aimed at abolishing the State of Israel; academic or cultural campaigns promoting the idea that Israel&#8217;s existence is &#8220;illegitimate&#8221;; etc.<\/p>\n<p>Applying the 3D methodology involves asking the question: <em>Is the right to exist denied only to Israel or also to other states?<\/em><\/p>\n<h4>2. Demonization<\/h4>\n<p>Demonization involves portraying Israel, or Jews in general (individuals, groups, communities, institutions) as inherently evil or destructive. This is recognized through: comparisons of Israel to Nazi Germany; media reporting that conveys false or distorted stories with the aim of presenting Israel, or Jews, as a global threat; public demonstrations that use offensive symbols or caricatures with antisemitic stereotypes; spreading disinformation aimed at portraying Israel as an immoral state; etc. Such rhetoric crosses the boundaries of legitimate criticism, as it is not directed at specific policies or actions, but creates a negative stereotype about the entire Jewish people, citizens of Israel, and\/or the State of Israel.<\/p>\n<p>The 3D methodology here examines: <em>Is the criticism based on evidence and facts, or on stereotypes and emotions that demonize the Jewish people or the State of Israel?<\/em><\/p>\n<h4>3. Double Standards<\/h4>\n<p>The application of double standards implies criticizing Israel for actions for which other states are not subjected to the same condemnation. For example, when Israel is accused of human rights violations while similar actions by other countries are ignored or minimized, this indicates bias. This approach further emphasizes antisemitism when the only Jewish state is the target of disproportionate attention and condemnation. This can manifest through: disproportionate criticism of Israel compared to other states with similar or more severe human rights violations; media and political campaigns that criticize Israeli actions while ignoring similar actions in conflicts worldwide; academic boycotts targeting Israeli scientists and universities, while simultaneously collaborating with institutions from countries where human and civil rights are demonstrably violated or various crimes are committed; etc.<\/p>\n<p>The practical application of the methodology here focuses on the question: <em>Is Israel treated by the same standards as other states in similar circumstances?<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 3D methodology does not serve to silence criticism of Israeli policy, but to clarify when that criticism crosses into antisemitism. The key difference lies in intent and manner of expression. Criticism of Israel is legitimate as long as it does not challenge its right to exist, does not demonize the state and its people, and does not use double standards. This methodology provides an important tool for recognizing antisemitism and promotes a fair and balanced approach in public discourse. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-xmeps-8f094fa77169241a9538180d7bda7753\">\n.avia-section.av-xmeps-8f094fa77169241a9538180d7bda7753 .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_8'  class='avia-section av-xmeps-8f094fa77169241a9538180d7bda7753 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-54  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ogebc-b3dc44b6c047c85309d54192a5ede517 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-55  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mect72uh-0790497165141e4715f7a590fef8d83c\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-mect72uh-0790497165141e4715f7a590fef8d83c .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-mect72uh-0790497165141e4715f7a590fef8d83c .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-mect72uh-0790497165141e4715f7a590fef8d83c av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-56  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 13. Conspiracy Theories\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >13. Conspiracy Theories<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Conspiracy theories are narratives that claim various important events or social, and even natural phenomena are secretly orchestrated and carried out by usually small, exclusive, but powerful groups acting in a coordinated and hidden manner. They typically offer no credible, verifiable evidence and possess a so-called self-sealing logic: any evidence to the contrary is interpreted as part of the alleged cover-up. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>On the one hand, contemporary antisemitism largely has a conspiratorial basis and is often expressed through various forms of conspiracy theories. On the other hand, antisemitic attitudes are strongly embedded in most current conspiracy theories, even those dealing with entirely diverse phenomena and topics unrelated to Jews. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mect8ue6-83c2ea601c604906514f89ca9435ceea\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-mect8ue6-83c2ea601c604906514f89ca9435ceea p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-mect8ue6-83c2ea601c604906514f89ca9435ceea p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-mect8ue6-83c2ea601c604906514f89ca9435ceea p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-mect8ue6-83c2ea601c604906514f89ca9435ceea .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-mect8ue6-83c2ea601c604906514f89ca9435ceea  avia-builder-el-57  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-mect8rsw-67288fa45c53b8fdca19ba6c2c1f3c27'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-14' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-14' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-14' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-14' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-14' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Conspiracy theories are most often based on prejudices, stereotypical representations, emotional reactions, and unreliable and unconvincing evidence. Despite this, conspiracy theories are popular and widespread throughout the world, including in Serbia.<\/p>\n<p>Conspiracy theories usually explain an event, situation, or process by the actions of secret, powerful, and malicious actors, driven by their own interests to the detriment of others (often \u2014 &#8220;all of humanity&#8221;). Conspiracy theories often offer a single comprehensive cause for complex phenomena, with a pronounced distrust of official or expert findings, which practically makes it impossible to verify or refute the claim with facts.<\/p>\n<p>In the information age, the mass use of the internet and social networks has contributed to the rapid spread of such narratives: from &#8220;flat Earth,&#8221; through the &#8220;great replacement&#8221; (a theory about a deliberate demographic change), the &#8220;deep state&#8221; (an alleged network of powerful individuals operating in parallel structures of the state apparatus outside democratic control), various stories about the causes and development of the COVID-19 pandemic, to interpretations of major disasters, assassinations, and technological changes as part of a unified plan.<\/p>\n<p>Antisemitic conspiracy theories have deep historical roots \u2014 from attributing collective guilt to Jews for the death of Jesus Christ, through narratives about an alliance of Jews and Masons with the aim of &#8220;overthrowing Christian civilization&#8221; and nation-states, to the key role such myths played in shaping the worldview of Nazism.<\/p>\n<p>Contemporary antisemitism largely rests on conspiracy theories. This includes stories about &#8220;globalists,&#8221; the &#8220;deep state,&#8221; or the &#8220;world financial lobby.&#8221; These narratives are mostly just new packaging for old antisemitic myths. A good example is the &#8220;Protocols of the Elders of Zion&#8221; (an antisemitic forgery from 1903) which, although proven to be a forgery, were used as a propaganda tool and &#8220;proof&#8221; for the demonization of Jews, with tragic consequences in the 20th century. The &#8220;Protocols&#8221; still circulate as &#8220;proof&#8221; that Jews allegedly control world events and can still be bought in Serbian bookstores today.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-kikls-1f7234035df95c8dcd1d480fc0b23e41 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-58  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mect7doa-adc89f5859415414586ecd058787bb44\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-mect7doa-adc89f5859415414586ecd058787bb44 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-mect7doa-adc89f5859415414586ecd058787bb44 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-mect7doa-adc89f5859415414586ecd058787bb44 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-59  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 14. Coded Language of Antisemitism\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >14. Coded Language of Antisemitism<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Some antisemites are aware of the legal punishability and moral condemnation that expressing antisemitic views in public entails. In an effort to avoid sanctions and moral condemnation, but also to more easily reach a wider audience and disseminate their ideas to more people, antisemites often use coded language, employing symbols, metaphors, allegories, allusions (hidden references), and specific terms and expressions. With a little more attention, it can be deciphered that they are actually talking about Jews and expressing anti-Jewish views and propaganda. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Furthermore, within neo-Nazi and racist circles, specific abbreviations, words, punctuation marks, and numbers are used that have coded meanings in the context of expressing antisemitism.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ft2r4-c577a1b6f074bf43c0af6c2b0971d81d\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-ft2r4-c577a1b6f074bf43c0af6c2b0971d81d p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-ft2r4-c577a1b6f074bf43c0af6c2b0971d81d p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-ft2r4-c577a1b6f074bf43c0af6c2b0971d81d p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-ft2r4-c577a1b6f074bf43c0af6c2b0971d81d .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-ft2r4-c577a1b6f074bf43c0af6c2b0971d81d  avia-builder-el-60  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-9gei0-514f1148d7f6d6792f883b9203eaaf22'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-15' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-15' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-15' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-15' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-15' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Words and phrases that appear to be general concepts have entered everyday discourse, but in context, they function as coded, clearly antisemitic allusions.<\/p>\n<p>Some examples of such allusions that in context actually mean &#8220;Jews&#8221; or &#8220;Jewish influence&#8221; are &#8220;globalists,&#8221; &#8220;world elite,&#8221; &#8220;cosmopolitans,&#8221; &#8220;world financial lobby,&#8221; &#8220;bankers,&#8221; &#8220;media moguls,&#8221; &#8220;Zionists&#8221; (when used as a general label for all Jews), &#8220;Israeli lobby&#8221; (when it actually means &#8220;Jews in general&#8221;), &#8220;Rothschilds,&#8221; &#8220;Soros&#8221; (when an individual or a single family is cited as a cover for &#8220;all Jews&#8221;), or &#8220;Hollywood machinery&#8221; (in the context of narratives about Jewish control of culture), and similar.<\/p>\n<p>In the same way, various dehumanizing and demonizing metaphors are used through expressions such as: &#8220;This plague is spreading&#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;scourge&#8221;, &#8220;tumor&#8221;, &#8220;parasites&#8221;, &#8220;leeches&#8221;, &#8220;octopus&#8221; with &#8220;tentacles&#8221; (a metaphor for a &#8220;world octopus&#8221; that encompasses everything), &#8220;multi-headed hydra&#8221; (constantly &#8220;regrows&#8221; and is impossible to eradicate), &#8220;spider web&#8221;, &#8220;snake pit&#8221;, &#8220;grey eminence from the shadows&#8221; (in narratives about &#8220;secret governance&#8221;). Although Jews are not mentioned directly here, the message in context with the rest of the content is quite clear. These metaphors are sometimes used for other groups as well, so it is important to discern what is being referred to through the context of the rest of the content.<\/p>\n<p>The purpose of using coded antisemitic language is to normalize and spread anti-Jewish messages through the guise of &#8220;allusion&#8221; instead of explicit statements, while simultaneously creating space to maintain the possibility of denial (&#8220;we didn&#8217;t say that, we didn&#8217;t mention Jews!&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>In practice, these codes often go hand in hand with hate speech, relativization or denial of the Holocaust, as well as calls for violence. Understanding the origin and function of codes is important for analyzing contemporary antisemitism.<\/p>\n<p>The coded language of antisemitism has spread more widely since the late 20th century: first through graffiti, fanzines, and propaganda material of neo-Nazi and other racist and extremist groups, and then, with the development of the internet, through chats, forums, blogs, memes, and comments on social networks. Various numbers have become recognizable antisemitic codes (for example, the number 88 is understood as an abbreviation for the Nazi salute &#8220;Heil Hitler!&#8221;). Using multiple parentheses in a specific way, antisemites on networks mark allegedly &#8220;Jewish&#8221; individuals or topics (the so-called &#8220;echo&#8221;: &#8220;(((&#8230;)))&#8221;). The purpose of such coding is to avoid sanctions and moderation, and to make messages recognizable to those in the know.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding these codes helps to timely recognize and prevent antisemitic messages, and also to comprehend the persistence and presence of antisemitism in our daily lives.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-16xa9s-2eec4349d579e9027de8d31f2cede51b\">\n.avia-section.av-16xa9s-2eec4349d579e9027de8d31f2cede51b{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n.avia-section.av-16xa9s-2eec4349d579e9027de8d31f2cede51b .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_9'  class='avia-section av-16xa9s-2eec4349d579e9027de8d31f2cede51b main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-61  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-141rf4-1af20480a928b05ae75b0e7bff460b00 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-62  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mee73d7b-e6baa0dad90da2565060c744cdc6f9f3\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-mee73d7b-e6baa0dad90da2565060c744cdc6f9f3 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-mee73d7b-e6baa0dad90da2565060c744cdc6f9f3 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-mee73d7b-e6baa0dad90da2565060c744cdc6f9f3 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-63  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 15. Antisemitism and the Internet\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >15. Antisemitism and the Internet<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>The internet expands opportunities for access to knowledge and learning, but at the same time, it also enables the rapid spread of false information, antisemitic hate speech, and digital violence (violence in the digital environment). Simultaneously, the internet offers tools for distributing quality educational material, fact-checking, and reporting hate speech. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The key lies in developing media and digital literacy, recognizing patterns of antisemitic propaganda, and creating tools and practices for timely response to harmful content and digital violence.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-v41mo-f4ed6d6acd3ce0deee62a5e4c336f7d0\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-v41mo-f4ed6d6acd3ce0deee62a5e4c336f7d0 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-v41mo-f4ed6d6acd3ce0deee62a5e4c336f7d0 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-v41mo-f4ed6d6acd3ce0deee62a5e4c336f7d0 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-v41mo-f4ed6d6acd3ce0deee62a5e4c336f7d0 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-v41mo-f4ed6d6acd3ce0deee62a5e4c336f7d0  avia-builder-el-64  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-q059c-1142d38547c65e70fead037e7a96efad'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-16' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-16' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-16' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-16' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-16' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>As a global network, the internet allows access to a vast amount of data of varying quality and credibility and instantaneous exchange of information and opinions, so antisemitic narratives are no longer based exclusively on local circumstances, tradition, culture, and the socio-political situation in the local environment, but acquire a global character. Anonymity, algorithmic recommendations (content suggestions based on user behavior), and the sheer volume of comments facilitate the normalization of intolerance, hate speech, prejudice, and conspiracy theories. Hidden behind avatars and usernames, antisemites recruit like-minded individuals, organize in closed groups, recycle memes, and, if necessary, use coded language to avoid moderation.<\/p>\n<p>Online antisemitism appears in various forms, in posts, blogs, and podcasts. These include open insults and threats, memes and jokes, pseudo-analyses based on conspiracy theories, revisionist or denialist content, as well as coordinated campaigns targeting individuals or institutions. Comments below news articles and social media posts have become one of the most widespread channels for spreading antisemitic messages. Although website and platform moderators often remove such posts, it is important to note that not all channels are moderated, and coded language is increasingly used to conceal the antisemitic nature of messages. Especially after major events (wars, terrorist attacks, political and economic crises), a sharp increase in anti-Jewish comments and content is always observed. In the Republic of Serbia, a significant rise in antisemitic content related to the COVID pandemic and after the Hamas attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, was evident.<\/p>\n<p>Research indicates that antisemitic memes, coded humor, and the glorification of Nazism normalize the distortion of Holocaust history and can encourage radicalization and violence. Therefore, it is crucial to build media, information, and digital literacy so that users can evaluate content and resist manipulation. The engagement of platforms and regulators is very important, as is obliging content creators and responsible companies, alongside moderation and control of problematic content, to place fact-checking labels and refer to verified and authoritative sources of data and information, in order to debunk antisemitic propaganda and Holocaust distortion with facts. In the Republic of Serbia, there are currently no central authoritative resources of this kind. The website <a href=\"https:\/\/aboutholocaust.org\/sr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">AboutHolocaust.org<\/a> (an educational site developed by UNESCO and the World Jewish Congress \u2013 WJC) is also available in Serbian and provides verifiable facts about the Holocaust and materials for combating denial and distortion of Holocaust history online. A good source is also the <a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Holocaust Encyclopedia<\/a> of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). When it comes to antisemitism, for now the only guide in Serbian is <a href=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/en\/abc-of-antisemitism\/\">&#8220;ABC of Antisemitism&#8221;<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Useful practices also include consistent documentation and reporting of problematic content, monitoring and documenting antisemitic incidents online, and providing support to victims. In the Republic of Serbia, there are currently no specialized tools for reporting, monitoring, and documenting such incidents. In schools and cultural institutions, it is recommended to combine Holocaust education with training on recognizing contemporary online patterns of hatred and media literacy.<\/p>\n<p>It is necessary to carefully balance freedom of expression and restrictions on hate speech, which requires a strong and functional rule of law, the building of coalitions of various actors (including civil society and the Jewish community), and investment in digital citizenship and &#8220;digital hygiene.&#8221; In this context, the <a href=\"https:\/\/holocaustremembrance.com\/resources\/%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b4%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%84%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%98%d0%b0-%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%bc%d0%b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance&#8217;s (IHRA) working definition of antisemitism<\/a> is important, as it provides a framework for understanding and recognizing antisemitism and distinguishing what must be accepted as part of pluralistic debate and critical thinking from where freedom of expression ends and crosses into antisemitic hate speech.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-kmlo0-c11efceada2e69f8eab37391abb55e64 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-65  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mee73njm-972f652b9cfb0764f9958a26e6826313\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-mee73njm-972f652b9cfb0764f9958a26e6826313 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-mee73njm-972f652b9cfb0764f9958a26e6826313 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-mee73njm-972f652b9cfb0764f9958a26e6826313 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-66  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 16. Antisemitism and Israel\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >16. Antisemitism and Israel<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>The establishment of the State of Israel (1948) and conflicts in the Middle East are often used as a pretext to impose responsibility on all Jews for the real or imagined actions of the State of Israel or individual politicians or other representatives of Israel. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>It is legitimate to criticize the decisions, statements, or actions of official bodies and representatives of the State of Israel, just as it applies to the policies and politicians of any other state. Antisemitism begins where double standards are applied to the State of Israel, when Jews are denied the right to self-determination, Israel is denied the right to exist, or calls are made for its destruction, or where classic antisemitic myths and symbols are used in discourse about Israel. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Negative generalization and demonization of any entire people is always an expression of hatred. It is particularly dangerous when criticism of Israel is expressed through insults, threats, and violence against local Jewish communities. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-cw8u0-6d7280fcae53a74339e98f8a86f1e283\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-cw8u0-6d7280fcae53a74339e98f8a86f1e283 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-cw8u0-6d7280fcae53a74339e98f8a86f1e283 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-cw8u0-6d7280fcae53a74339e98f8a86f1e283 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-cw8u0-6d7280fcae53a74339e98f8a86f1e283 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-cw8u0-6d7280fcae53a74339e98f8a86f1e283  avia-builder-el-67  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-97qrs-cbd18f6242e28efbd056b9ea0e0f682f'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-17' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-17' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-17' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-17' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-17' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>In the Ottoman era, there was no single administrative unit under one name that encompassed the territory of present-day Israel. The British, upon establishing administration in 1917, used the name &#8220;Palestine,&#8221; in Arabic &#8220;Filastin,&#8221; and in Hebrew official inscriptions &#8220;Eretz-Yisrael&#8221; (Hebrew: &#8220;Land of Israel&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>Organized Jewish settlement in this territory began in 1882, while it was part of the Ottoman Empire. Settlement occurred in immigration waves called &#8220;aliyot&#8221; (Hebrew: &#8220;aliyah&#8221;). The first Jewish refugees arrived partly after pogroms in the Russian Empire, and partly from other parts of Europe, as part of the awakening of the Jewish national movement \u2014 Zionism, when the idea of creating a national homeland for Jews was articulated. Settlement continued after the establishment of British rule in 1917 and significantly intensified in the 1930s, with the rise of Nazism, when many Jews fled Europe. After the Holocaust, in which six million Jews were murdered and Jewish life in Europe was almost destroyed, hundreds of thousands of survivors and refugees immigrated, seeking security and rebuilding their lives.<\/p>\n<p>Israel was officially founded in 1948 as the national state of the Jews. Even after its establishment, a large number of Jews from various parts of the world immigrated to Israel. Over the following decades, Israel fought several wars with neighboring Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, etc.). In the propaganda of certain states and actors in the region, as well as in Iran, not only is the policy of the State of Israel often criticized, but Jews as a people are targeted, stereotypes and prejudices are reproduced, the Holocaust is relativized or denied, and calls for the destruction of Jews are made. In such environments, conspiratorial antisemitism is widespread, and pamphlets like the &#8220;Protocols of the Elders of Zion&#8221; (an antisemitic forgery) are treated as historical literature and distributed to a wide audience.<\/p>\n<p>It is particularly problematic when criticism of Israel or Israeli policy escalates into insults, threats, or verbal and physical attacks on local Jewish communities in other countries, individuals, institutions, representatives, places of worship, or the property of the community or individuals, as well as on other institutions and organizations that are for some reason considered &#8220;Jewish&#8221; or are associated with Jews even if they are not. Such phenomena, which also occur in the Republic of Serbia, are always an expression of antisemitism.<\/p>\n<p>In Europe, North America, and other parts of the world, manifestations of antisemitism are widespread within segments of the political left, crossing the boundaries of acceptable criticism of Israel and escalating into the demonization of the entire Jewish people, even to calls for the destruction of Israel and Israelis, as well as attacks on local Jewish communities in those countries. Such forms of antisemitism are often present at pro-Palestinian protests at universities in the US and other countries, including the harassment of Jewish students, professors, and other staff.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, the difference between legitimate criticism of Israel and antisemitism is seen through several indicators. Disagreement and criticism of a specific measure, statement, or action of a politician or state body, military or police action, are perfectly acceptable if the same criteria are applied to other states. The problem arises when: (1) Israel is subjected to demands that are not made of anyone else (double standards), (2) the right of Jews to a national state is questioned (delegitimization), or (3) terminology is used that dehumanizes Jews or the State of Israel (demonization).<\/p>\n<p>A special form of antisemitism is the comparison of Israel or Israelis with Nazis and Nazism, which is done with the intention of insulting and emotionally harming all Jews, and humiliating victims and relativizing and diminishing the Holocaust itself.<\/p>\n<p>When it comes to antisemitism related to Israel or criticism of Israel, it has been shown that good practice for media, schools, and cultural institutions is to use precise terminology and contextualize concepts to avoid imprecise and misused qualifications, strictly separate political actors from religious-ethnic communities, and insist on verified information.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1sepmw-f3dcc3673c7e374a7041ab874cdb7518\">\n.avia-section.av-1sepmw-f3dcc3673c7e374a7041ab874cdb7518 .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_10'  class='avia-section av-1sepmw-f3dcc3673c7e374a7041ab874cdb7518 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-68  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1jzsjk-205fda867c8fc8011f0078cebc7ce759 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-69  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1g8agg-2ecd98943b86cf80638cb03a25ceb4c9\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-1g8agg-2ecd98943b86cf80638cb03a25ceb4c9 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-1g8agg-2ecd98943b86cf80638cb03a25ceb4c9 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-1g8agg-2ecd98943b86cf80638cb03a25ceb4c9 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-70  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 17. Antisemitism and Zionism\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >17. Antisemitism and Zionism<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Zionism, as a movement for the right of Jews to their national identity and homeland, is sometimes the target of criticism that crosses into antisemitism. Rhetoric that challenges the right of Jews to self-determination and their own state is always an expression of antisemitism. Zionism is often wrongly and maliciously presented as an expansionist, imperialist, or racist ideology, sometimes intentionally, out of purely antisemitic motives, and sometimes out of ignorance and lack of information. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1agdw0-fa3569a9a57a4503bc7b18090315d111\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1agdw0-fa3569a9a57a4503bc7b18090315d111 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1agdw0-fa3569a9a57a4503bc7b18090315d111 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1agdw0-fa3569a9a57a4503bc7b18090315d111 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1agdw0-fa3569a9a57a4503bc7b18090315d111 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-1agdw0-fa3569a9a57a4503bc7b18090315d111  avia-builder-el-71  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-13c4kw-eb593dbc5da469fb29199949387ee52d'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-18' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-18' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-18' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-18' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-18' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Zionism is a political and national movement that emerged in the late 19th century with the goal of creating a national homeland for Jews. The movement was a response to rising antisemitism and persecution of Jews in Europe, as well as aspirations for Jewish national identity and independence at a time when other European nations were building their nations and statehood. Throughout history, Zionism has met with various reactions among Jews, from enthusiasm to opposition. With the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, the primary goal was fulfilled, but the movement remains present as a political force, both within Israel and in Jewish communities worldwide, the vast majority of whom support the idea that Jews also have the right to self-determination, national identity, and a state. Today, some Jews view Zionism as an expression of support for Israel&#8217;s right to exist as a state, while for others it can mean working to preserve Jewish identity and culture.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-vgr6w-f6cb5bf75196693d5f593e1b80ede87e av_one_half  avia-builder-el-72  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-s7g74-ecdec8ff56d4cf28f92f7781105fdeb6\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-s7g74-ecdec8ff56d4cf28f92f7781105fdeb6 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-s7g74-ecdec8ff56d4cf28f92f7781105fdeb6 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-s7g74-ecdec8ff56d4cf28f92f7781105fdeb6 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-73  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 18. Antisemitism and the Holocaust \"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >18. Antisemitism and the Holocaust <\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>The Holocaust, the genocide perpetrated by the Nazis and their collaborators against Jews (1933\u20131945), in which approximately six million Jews were murdered, represents the most extreme expression of antisemitism in history. Antisemitism was the foundation of Nazi ideology and state policy, shaping German war aims and encouraging the active participation of other fascist, ultranationalist, and collaborationist regimes across Europe in the Holocaust. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Holocaust demonstrates that antisemitism as a state ideology is in direct opposition to democracy, the rule of law, and human dignity. Therefore, the fight against contemporary antisemitism is simultaneously a fight for the preservation of the fundamental democratic values of society as a whole, and not just the rights of the Jewish community. <\/strong><strong>Deepening knowledge about the Holocaust is important, but not sufficient for understanding and suppressing contemporary antisemitism. A specific strategy for combating antisemitism in the Republic of Serbia currently does not exist. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ljmpk-b1eeba1c906cd1acbcd85df9e88cf870\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-ljmpk-b1eeba1c906cd1acbcd85df9e88cf870 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-ljmpk-b1eeba1c906cd1acbcd85df9e88cf870 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-ljmpk-b1eeba1c906cd1acbcd85df9e88cf870 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-ljmpk-b1eeba1c906cd1acbcd85df9e88cf870 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-ljmpk-b1eeba1c906cd1acbcd85df9e88cf870  avia-builder-el-74  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-g2jsw-4c4027ac4e755de516f78ed23b622e4e'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-19' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-19' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-19' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-19' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-19' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The Holocaust was a systematic and state-sponsored persecution and murder of Jews, committed by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. This genocide, in which six million Jews were murdered, was the most extreme expression of antisemitism in history.<\/p>\n<p>Nazi ideology was racist, antisemitic, and ultranationalist. The Nazis mobilized centuries-old prejudices against Jews to normalize exclusion and persecution and, for the first time in history, introduced antisemitism as the basis of a racially founded state ideology.<\/p>\n<p>As a totalitarian regime, Nazi Germany permeated the entire public sphere with antisemitism. The Ministry of Propaganda controlled film, press, and culture. Youth and professional movements, labor organizations, schools, and other educational institutions were entirely in the service of ideological homogenization and propaganda.<\/p>\n<p>Antisemitism was the foundation of the Nazi worldview and German state policy: from the boycott of Jewish shops and book burnings, through legal segregation via the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, which legally defined &#8220;who is a Jew,&#8221; stripped them of civil rights, prohibited mixed marriages, and introduced other measures. This made hatred of Jews an organizing principle not only of internal order but also of war aims, paving the way for systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder, from Kristallnacht to the &#8220;Final Solution&#8221; across the European continent.<\/p>\n<p>The Holocaust took place in the context of broader wartime violence in which many other victim groups also suffered, and with the active participation of other fascist, ultranationalist, and collaborationist governments and movements across Europe, who, for various motives of their own, among which antisemitism held a significant place, chose to participate in the crime or to carry it out on their own initiative without direct Nazi involvement. Furthermore, the Holocaust unfolded before the eyes of millions of fellow citizens, passive observers of the crime.<\/p>\n<p>Antisemitism could not transition from the sphere of prejudice to become a pillar of state ideology and the top priority of a world war until democratic values and civil rights were gradually dismantled, through a series of legal measures and propaganda, which allowed hatred to become normative, and discrimination and violence acceptable. The Holocaust under Nazism demonstrated that antisemitism is the antithesis of democracy and Enlightenment ideals that place reason, human dignity, and universal rights at the center of social order. Therefore, today, the fight against contemporary antisemitism is simultaneously a fight for the protection of fundamental societal values.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to emphasize that in contemporary society, commemoration and education about the Holocaust are not sufficient measures for understanding antisemitism in modern society. Remembering the Holocaust and countering antisemitism are two separate topics, which partially overlap and it is important to know one to better understand the other, but they are not interchangeable. It is necessary to develop specific measures and long-term strategies to strengthen capacities for recognizing and resisting antisemitism. It is essential to develop professional development programs for decision-makers and policymakers, educators, cultural workers, journalists, public sector employees, police and judiciary, and others, and to introduce this topic into school curricula for young people.<\/p>\n<p>In 2021, the European Union adopted the <a href=\"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategy-and-policy\/policies\/justice-and-fundamental-rights\/combatting-discrimination\/racism-and-xenophobia\/combating-antisemitism\/eu-strategy-combating-antisemitism-and-fostering-jewish-life-2021-2030\/about-eu-strategy_en?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">&#8220;EU Strategy on Combating Antisemitism and Fostering Jewish Life 2021\u20132030&#8221;<\/a>. It specifies &#8220;Preventing and combating all forms of antisemitism&#8221; on the one hand, and &#8220;Education, research and remembrance of the Holocaust&#8221; on the other, as separate but necessary pillars of this strategy. To date, 23 member states have developed specific national programs to combat antisemitism. The strategy requires the development of national action plans and regular monitoring of implementation. In the Republic of Serbia, there is currently no strategic plan for countering antisemitism. The <a href=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/en\/\">Center for Combating Antisemitism and Intolerance (CBA)<\/a> was founded with the aim of initiating work on such a national strategy.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m5cnujdm-33fc5090faebdee29840adfcd4ec8a8b\">\n.avia-section.av-m5cnujdm-33fc5090faebdee29840adfcd4ec8a8b{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n.avia-section.av-m5cnujdm-33fc5090faebdee29840adfcd4ec8a8b .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_11'  class='avia-section av-m5cnujdm-33fc5090faebdee29840adfcd4ec8a8b main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-75  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-435asw-4c2760057f6b195639e34f8061ff1a81 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-76  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-maxrr3jr-7290d59b3c8b0d6fcc756242789ba8b7\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-maxrr3jr-7290d59b3c8b0d6fcc756242789ba8b7 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-maxrr3jr-7290d59b3c8b0d6fcc756242789ba8b7 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-maxrr3jr-7290d59b3c8b0d6fcc756242789ba8b7 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-77  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 19. Antisemitism and the Abuse and Distortion of Holocaust History \"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >19. Antisemitism and the Abuse and Distortion of Holocaust History <\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Holocaust distortion is a phenomenon based on the misuse of history, not denying that the Holocaust happened, but using only a portion of the facts, taking events out of context, manipulating conclusions and interpretations of historical facts &#8220;to produce a past that is politically and socially more convenient and useful.&#8221; Holocaust distortion threatens democracy, normalizes antisemitism, and encourages extremism, and often serves as a tool for rehabilitating ideologies of hatred and individuals or groups of perpetrators. Some characteristic forms of Holocaust distortion include relativization, instrumentalization, and the abuse of the Holocaust for the promotion of nationalist and populist propaganda. Every distortion of the Holocaust is, at its core, a manifestation of antisemitism. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-maxrrbox-01dac7cae2df5a18e7acbd7ea0a54c8a\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-maxrrbox-01dac7cae2df5a18e7acbd7ea0a54c8a p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-maxrrbox-01dac7cae2df5a18e7acbd7ea0a54c8a p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-maxrrbox-01dac7cae2df5a18e7acbd7ea0a54c8a p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-maxrrbox-01dac7cae2df5a18e7acbd7ea0a54c8a .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-maxrrbox-01dac7cae2df5a18e7acbd7ea0a54c8a  avia-builder-el-78  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-3xh26g-9d4e6ee0b9077f545282e793c42bd0ff'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-20' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-20' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-20' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-20' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-20' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Holocaust denial refers to discourse and propaganda that denies the historical reality and scope of the crimes against Jews during the Holocaust, including the mechanisms of destruction (gas chambers, mass shootings, ghettos, deportations, etc.) and the genocidal intent to annihilate Jews. In simple terms, Holocaust denial is the claim that the Holocaust never happened, or that it was much smaller in scale, or that it was allegedly falsely exaggerated so that &#8220;Jews could benefit from it.&#8221; Today, such phenomena are increasingly rare, primarily because the Holocaust has been meticulously researched, and it is difficult to take seriously arguments that it did not happen at all.<\/p>\n<p>Today, Holocaust distortion is the greatest contemporary threat to the legacy of the Holocaust. Holocaust distortion is a phenomenon based on the misuse and usurpation of historical facts, not denying that the Holocaust happened, but using only a portion of the facts, taking events out of context, manipulating conclusions and interpretations of historical facts, &#8220;to produce a past that is politically and socially more convenient and useful,&#8221; as Professor Yehuda Bauer states. Holocaust distortion refers to justifying, minimizing, exaggerating, or any other misrepresentation of known historical facts about the Holocaust. Holocaust distortion threatens democracy, normalizes antisemitism, and encourages extremism, and often serves as a tool for rehabilitating ideologies of hatred and individuals or groups of perpetrators. Some characteristic forms of Holocaust distortion include relativization, instrumentalization, and the abuse of the Holocaust for the promotion of nationalist and populist propaganda.<\/p>\n<p>Relativization implies comparing the Holocaust with other events that do not reach the same scale of systematic genocide. For example, comparing pandemics, political conflicts, or individual tragedies with the Holocaust leads to the trivialization of this crime. This diminishes the seriousness of the Holocaust and spreads misinformation about its causes and consequences.<\/p>\n<p>Instrumentalization of the Holocaust is the abuse of history used as a tool in political conflicts, where symbols of the Holocaust are used to discredit political opponents. Instrumentalization includes rhetoric in which dissenters are compared to Nazis or Hitler, or other criminals, which trivializes the genocide and uses it for political manipulation.<\/p>\n<p>The abuse of the Holocaust for the promotion of nationalist and populist propaganda involves using the Holocaust to promote ideas of national suffering and moral superiority. Political elites, especially in populist and nationalist regimes, often position their own people as the exclusive victims, while ignoring the suffering of others as well as the participation of their own people&#8217;s representatives in crimes and collaboration. By using the suffering during the Holocaust to create an image of their own people as righteous and innocent, while simultaneously ignoring responsibility for other historical crimes, they emphasize their &#8220;moral superiority,&#8221; while accusing other nations or political opponents of responsibility for the Holocaust and other crimes that occurred during the Holocaust, primarily to avoid introspection or the question of their own responsibility and guilt. This form of abuse, which is often encountered in Serbia, deepens ethnic and political divisions, fosters a climate of aggressive nationalism, inflames hatred towards others, and undermines the universal message of the Holocaust about the dangers of intolerance and extremism.<\/p>\n<p>Distortion, misuse, and manipulation of the history and legacy of the Holocaust under the auspices of the state and state policy is widespread across Europe. These phenomena may, among other things, include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Denying or minimizing national and social responsibility for crimes against Jews or for collaboration with German Nazis and other perpetrators;<\/li>\n<li>Rejecting one&#8217;s own responsibility while accusing other nations and groups of crimes;<\/li>\n<li>Restricting academic and public debate on the history of the Holocaust through legislation and sanctions;<\/li>\n<li>Political interference in the accurate representation of history in museums, exhibitions, textbooks, as well as at historical sites and commemorative events;<\/li>\n<li>Rejecting the significance of Holocaust remembrance, monuments, or authentic Holocaust sites;<\/li>\n<li>Glorifying, honoring, justifying, or &#8220;rehabilitating&#8221; historical figures from the Holocaust era, despite their connection to crimes, collaboration with Nazi Germany, or direct participation in the persecution and killing of Jews;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Government of the Republic of Serbia has officially adopted the <a href=\"https:\/\/holocaustremembrance.com\/resources\/%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b4%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%84%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%98%d0%b0-%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%9a%d0%b0-%d0%b8-%d0%b8%d1%81%d0%ba%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b2%d1%99%d0%b5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) working definition of Holocaust denial and distortion<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Every instance of Holocaust denial and distortion is at its core a direct expression of antisemitism and undermines the understanding of the history of the Holocaust and its legacy. Such phenomena are either motivated by antisemitism or, even if inspired by other motives, have the indirect consequence of spreading and promoting antisemitism. Instead of the Holocaust being a universal warning against hatred, its distortion becomes a tool for deepening hatred and fueling conflict.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to distinguish legitimate scholarly debate on details, using reliable sources and clear methodology, from attempts to prove that the crime &#8220;did not exist&#8221; or &#8220;was not that terrible.&#8221; Good practice in education and media involves working with primary sources (testimonies, documents, verdicts), critical reading, clearly naming denial and distortion, and empowering students and the audience to recognize manipulation. Holocaust distortion and denial not only insult the memory of the victims but also hurt their families and endanger contemporary communities by spreading antisemitism.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-3q9kcw-6693e439d4dbf56ecfcbc6bd6f39b90d av_one_half  avia-builder-el-79  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-maxrtpfo-e168b5cc2c20fb2ff1b3013a86482700\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-maxrtpfo-e168b5cc2c20fb2ff1b3013a86482700 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-maxrtpfo-e168b5cc2c20fb2ff1b3013a86482700 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-maxrtpfo-e168b5cc2c20fb2ff1b3013a86482700 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-80  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 20. Antisemitism and the misuse of Nazi and fascist terms, images, and symbols\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >20. Antisemitism and the misuse of Nazi and fascist terms, images, and symbols<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Antisemitic prejudice and hatred toward Jews were at the core of Nazi ideology and an important element of several fascist movements in Europe. It was precisely these ideas that led to the Holocaust. Invoking Nazi and fascist symbols, slogans, or gestures normalizes these ideologies, relativizes the Holocaust, and represents a recognized form of antisemitism. The affirmative use of Nazi and fascist terms, images, and symbols signifies identification or glorification and is punishable in many countries. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In the Republic of Serbia, there are also followers of fascist movements, and graffiti with fascist slogans and symbols can be found.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3j33ko-f042ab213cf8dfeef7ca836cdb718536\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-3j33ko-f042ab213cf8dfeef7ca836cdb718536 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-3j33ko-f042ab213cf8dfeef7ca836cdb718536 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-3j33ko-f042ab213cf8dfeef7ca836cdb718536 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-3j33ko-f042ab213cf8dfeef7ca836cdb718536 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-3j33ko-f042ab213cf8dfeef7ca836cdb718536  avia-builder-el-81  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-c3l74-2dee0b4886fe7aaa9efef78ad6757ae0'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-21' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-21' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-21' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-21' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-21' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Racist views on the &#8220;Jewish danger,&#8221; Jews as &#8220;parasites,&#8221; and a &#8220;lower race&#8221; were one of the foundations of German Nazi propaganda and policies that led to genocide. These and similar antisemitic views were also present in a series of fascist and ultra-nationalist movements in various parts of Europe. Examples of such movements include the Usta\u0161e movement, Dimitrije Ljoti\u0107&#8217;s Zbor, the Arrow Cross (a Hungarian pro-fascist, radical right-wing, and distinctly antisemitic party), and others. These movements are justifiably considered antisemitic, and their symbols and greetings (swastika, SS runes, the Nazi salute with a raised hand, the &#8220;Za dom spremni&#8221; greeting\u2014an Usta\u0161e salute from the NDH period, and similar) are inextricably linked to the persecution and genocide of Jews, as well as other victim groups.<\/p>\n<p>Modern extremists and followers of these ideologies sometimes resort to coded versions of these symbols (numbers, acronyms, stylized versions of historical signs) to conceal the message or bypass bans. Any use of these symbols, even allegedly &#8220;just as a joke&#8221; or &#8220;ironically,&#8221; not only revives antisemitic content from the past but also intimidates today&#8217;s Jewish communities, insults the memory of Holocaust victims, encourages hatred, and contributes to the relativization of the Holocaust.<\/p>\n<p>In the Republic of Serbia, there are also examples of movements that use fascist symbols and propagate the rehabilitation of war criminals, and graffiti with fascist symbols and slogans, such as the swastika or &#8220;judenfrei&#8221; (a Nazi term indicating that a territory has been &#8220;cleansed&#8221; of Jews, or in other words, that all Jews from a certain area have been deported to ghettos or camps, or already killed), can be found on our streets. The same patterns appear in the context of initiatives for the rehabilitation of war criminals and collaborators, attempting to justify ideologies and practices that were an integral part of the persecution of Jews.<\/p>\n<p>In many countries, the public display of Nazi and fascist symbols is sanctioned by laws prohibiting hate speech and the incitement of violence. In the Republic of Serbia, there is a specific <a href=\"https:\/\/ravnopravnost.gov.rs\/rs\/diskriminacija\/prekrsajnopravna-zastita-od-diskriminacije\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Law on the Prohibition of Manifestations of Neo-Nazi or Fascist Organizations and Associations and the Prohibition of the Use of Their Symbols and Insignia (Official Gazette of the RS 41\/2009)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em>(See also segments 18. &#8220;Antisemitism and the Holocaust&#8221; and 14. &#8220;The Coded Language of Antisemitism&#8221;.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-38e38g-ab6abdbe81f6589c1cfe96a86ec3a7ce\">\n.avia-section.av-38e38g-ab6abdbe81f6589c1cfe96a86ec3a7ce .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_12'  class='avia-section av-38e38g-ab6abdbe81f6589c1cfe96a86ec3a7ce main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-82  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-x1drs-601791cf8f1f929cc090f18686ef06c5 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-83  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-term0-dcecfece7d2897fa8d2a35626cec96e8\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-term0-dcecfece7d2897fa8d2a35626cec96e8 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-term0-dcecfece7d2897fa8d2a35626cec96e8 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-term0-dcecfece7d2897fa8d2a35626cec96e8 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-84  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 21. Holocaust Memorialization and Education on Antisemitism\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >21. Holocaust Memorialization and Education on Antisemitism<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Remembering and learning about the Holocaust are important elements in understanding the dangers of antisemitism, but they are not sufficient and must not be treated as a substitute for learning and raising awareness about antisemitism. Similarly, specific educational programs on contemporary antisemitism must certainly touch upon the topic of the Holocaust, but they are not and cannot be a substitute for learning about the Holocaust. These two topics overlap in certain segments, but each requires a separate approach, as well as sufficient time and space for adequate processing in education, commemoration, and public discourse. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-k9z6w-b515693f2d2287d9dd06f987bd1cd104\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-k9z6w-b515693f2d2287d9dd06f987bd1cd104 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-k9z6w-b515693f2d2287d9dd06f987bd1cd104 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-k9z6w-b515693f2d2287d9dd06f987bd1cd104 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#232323;\nborder-color:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-k9z6w-b515693f2d2287d9dd06f987bd1cd104 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-k9z6w-b515693f2d2287d9dd06f987bd1cd104  avia-builder-el-85  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-fgavk-065b69696f7914206a1c785edd491ffc'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-22' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-22' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-22' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-22' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-22' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Holocaust is the genocide of the Jews, systematically planned and carried out by German Nazis and their collaborators from 1933 to 1945 across Europe. We nurture the culture of Holocaust remembrance primarily out of reverence for the victims. To forget the murdered would practically mean that the Nazis succeeded in their intentions to completely destroy the Jews and erase all traces of their existence. In addition to preserving the memory of the victims, Holocaust memorialization serves as a warning to humanity and reminds us of the horrors that arise when hatred and prejudice prevail over basic human values. Therefore, the culture of Holocaust remembrance does not only serve to mark the past but also plays an important role in building a moral compass that prevents similar crimes from being repeated. Through remembrance, we learn empathy, the recognition of the dangers of discrimination, and the need for solidarity in protecting civil and human rights. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Holocaust memorialization plays a very important role in raising awareness about the danger of antisemitism\u2014the hatred that formed the central pillar of Nazi ideology and directly led to the murder of six million Jews. Memorials, museums, and educational programs dedicated to the Holocaust remind us of the devastating consequences when society fails in the fight against prejudice and hatred. However, remembrance of the Holocaust alone is not enough to understand and combat antisemitism in a contemporary context. The Holocaust is a specific example of historical antisemitism, but hatred toward Jews neither began with the arrival of the Nazis nor disappeared in 1945 with their defeat. On the contrary, antisemitism is very much present today; in recent years, it has been steadily rising and taking on new forms, such as conspiracy theories, Holocaust distortion, the demonization of Israel, or online hatred. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, it is necessary to combine the study of history with contemporary education that recognizes and addresses antisemitism in all its forms. Memorialization can be a starting point, or one part of the process of raising awareness and deepening knowledge, but it must be expanded to targeted activities that empower individuals to recognize antisemitism today and fight against this type of hatred in their society. Only such an approach creates the prerequisites for the lasting relevance of Holocaust remembrance and the sustainable building of resistance to antisemitism today and in the future. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><i>See also: 18. Antisemitism and the Holocaust; 19. Antisemitism and the Misuse and Distortion of Holocaust History; 24. Antisemitism after October 7; 26. What Can I Do?; 4. International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) Definition of Antisemitism.<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-28wiy8-432a0535f81f2720204942e4fab240b6 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-86  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-maxrx5xu-0939e88e9b44e2de54d9e12bdd671914\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-maxrx5xu-0939e88e9b44e2de54d9e12bdd671914 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-maxrx5xu-0939e88e9b44e2de54d9e12bdd671914 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-maxrx5xu-0939e88e9b44e2de54d9e12bdd671914 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-87  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 22. Antisemitism and Nationalism\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >22. Antisemitism and Nationalism<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Nationalism is a set of ideas and political practices based on the view that the political community should coincide with the nation. In practice, there are different forms of nationalism: from civic nationalism, based on citizenship and equal rights, to ethnic and exclusive nationalism, based on origin, religion, or &#8220;blood and soil&#8221; (German: Blut und Boden, originally a Nazi slogan, later present in extremist circles). Antisemitism is particularly intensified in exclusive, homogenizing versions of nationalism, in which narratives about the &#8220;internal enemy,&#8221; the &#8220;fifth column,&#8221; the &#8220;dual loyalty&#8221; of Jews, or &#8220;world lobbies&#8221; are spread. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Patriotism and legitimate concern for the public interest are part of civic and social engagement. The problem arises when Jews are collectively labeled as a threat, deprived of equal rights, or when, as a minority community, they become hostages to the autocracy of political power-holders. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-236akg-025cb5158348b0195963b806f54f6988\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-236akg-025cb5158348b0195963b806f54f6988 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-236akg-025cb5158348b0195963b806f54f6988 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-236akg-025cb5158348b0195963b806f54f6988 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-236akg-025cb5158348b0195963b806f54f6988 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-236akg-025cb5158348b0195963b806f54f6988  avia-builder-el-88  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1v99rk-ae0b4242fea9311aa8351cef88386e9a'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-23' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-23' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-23' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-23' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-23' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"711\">Modern political antisemitism formed in the 19th century, parallel to the rise of modern nations and national movements. In moments of crisis (economic, political, war), exclusive nationalism often seeks a &#8220;scapegoat.&#8221; In this context, Jews were accused of &#8220;dual loyalty,&#8221; &#8220;undermining the nation,&#8221; or &#8220;controlling finance and media.&#8221; In the mid-to-late 19th century, this grew into political campaigns (e.g., the Dreyfus Affair in France), and in the 20th century, nationalisms and fascism in several countries turned anti-Jewish narratives into law, repression, and violence. The Nazi concept of a &#8220;people&#8217;s community&#8221; without Jews (Volksgemeinschaft) was an extreme expression of the fusion of aggressive nationalism and antisemitism, with a genocidal outcome.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"713\" data-end=\"1093\">In our regional history, there were movements and regimes that built nationalism on an antisemitic worldview (e.g., the Usta\u0161e movement, Dimitrije Ljoti\u0107&#8217;s Zbor, the Arrow Cross in Hungary). Today, phenomena of historical revisionism and attempts to rehabilitate collaborators, which also mean the relativization of the persecution of Jews, are often linked to the glorification of a &#8220;pure nation.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1095\" data-end=\"1352\">In contemporary discourse, national-populist narratives sometimes combine antisemitic tropes with anti-immigrant and anti-universalist messages. There is talk of &#8220;globalists&#8221; and &#8220;world networks&#8221; that allegedly &#8220;impose migration&#8221; or &#8220;destroy national identity.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1354\" data-end=\"2470\">In nationalist autocracies and in illiberal or hybrid democracies, where civil rights, the rule of law, media freedom, and the regularity of elections are threatened, minority rights are, as a rule, seriously endangered. In such a situation, every minority community, including the Jewish one, is at risk. Without independent institutions that limit the power of the majority, the state is easily instrumentalized for homogenization and pressure. Minorities become hostages of political power-holders and often feel compelled to publicly support the government to maintain a minimum of security and access to resources. Then patterns appear such as &#8220;loyalty tests,&#8221; labeling minorities as a &#8220;fifth column,&#8221; selective application of laws (often through police and administrative pressure), financial punishment or rewarding of &#8220;suitable&#8221; organizations, media lynching and stigmatization campaigns, as well as the suppression of the autonomy of cultural and religious institutions. In such an environment, part of the minority elite is co-opted, and the wider community sends a signal of &#8220;preventive patriotism,&#8221; distancing itself from its own specificity and publicly expressing support for the government to avoid retaliation.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2472\" data-end=\"2849\">It is important to distinguish legitimate criticism of specific policies from narratives that demonize an entire group or deny Jews an equal place in society. Inclusive, civic patriotism that respects minority rights, pluralism, and the rule of law can strengthen the cohesion and security of the entire society. The protection of minorities is not an &#8220;optional extra&#8221; but an indicator of the state of democracy as a whole.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-8p1xk-937e2147ed3b7e1bedddf701f8430b3f\">\n.avia-section.av-8p1xk-937e2147ed3b7e1bedddf701f8430b3f{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n.avia-section.av-8p1xk-937e2147ed3b7e1bedddf701f8430b3f .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_13'  class='avia-section av-8p1xk-937e2147ed3b7e1bedddf701f8430b3f main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-89  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1ruqi0-647afc741b9ec779a4b20af236766e89 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-90  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-maxsc7an-7397b6dd0460036b61260967fc291698\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-maxsc7an-7397b6dd0460036b61260967fc291698 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-maxsc7an-7397b6dd0460036b61260967fc291698 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-maxsc7an-7397b6dd0460036b61260967fc291698 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-91  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 23. Antisemitism and Islamism\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >23. Antisemitism and Islamism<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Islamism is a political ideology that sees Islam as a complete state-social order. One should distinguish Islamism as an ideology from Islam as a religion, as most Muslims are not Islamists. Antisemitism holds a significant place in some Islamist currents. This phenomenon is relatively new: it strengthened in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the weakening and collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and gained institutional expression with the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 1928. After a series of turning points in the Middle East, from the founding of the State of Israel and the 1948 war, through the 1956 Suez Crisis, to the 1967 Six-Day War, some Islamist movements intensified antisemitic narratives, often combining selective religious interpretations with imported European antisemitism, and even Nazi ideas. In extreme organizations, antisemitism is open and explicit, as seen in the rhetoric of the Iranian regime, Hamas, ISIS, and Al-Qaeda, and in its extreme form, it is expressed through violence and terrorist attacks. At the same time, it is necessary to point out that part of the hostility toward Israel and Israeli policy, especially among Palestinians, is not always the result of hatred toward Jews, but stems from a political-national conflict. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1kwdds-640aa8ea0928757f7f7b39ccb71f6d5e\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1kwdds-640aa8ea0928757f7f7b39ccb71f6d5e p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1kwdds-640aa8ea0928757f7f7b39ccb71f6d5e p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1kwdds-640aa8ea0928757f7f7b39ccb71f6d5e p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-1kwdds-640aa8ea0928757f7f7b39ccb71f6d5e .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-1kwdds-640aa8ea0928757f7f7b39ccb71f6d5e  avia-builder-el-92  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-1e8oiw-99d3d5a06b661bdbb1a1cc97b2ef5144'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-24' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-24' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-24' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-24' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-24' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Islamism or &#8220;political Islam&#8221; is a set of political ideologies and movements that believe Islam should shape public life, laws, and the state. Characteristic features include the demand that Sharia (Islamic law) be the foundation of legislation and the idea that the Islamic community should be politically organized, ranging from reforms within existing orders to the establishment of an Islamic state. These ideas are supported by various groups and organizations: from non-violent parties and social movements to jihadist organizations that use terror. It is important to emphasize that Islam as a religion and Islamism as a political ideology are not the same. Most Muslims are not Islamists.<\/p>\n<p>In the Islamic world, in states with a majority or significant Muslim population, and among Muslims in general, antisemitism is a relatively new phenomenon that strengthened in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, alongside the weakening and collapse of the Ottoman Empire.<\/p>\n<p>In the long history of Arab and Islamic societies, Muslims tolerated members of other religions. Jews lived among Muslims under conditions of legal inequality and paid special taxes (as did Christians), but pogroms and mass expulsions were rarer than in Christian Europe. After the expulsion from Spain in 1492, many exiled Jews found refuge in the Ottoman Empire.<\/p>\n<p>A turning point occurred at the end of the 19th century when the Ottoman Empire weakened, while at the same time, Christians in waves of national movements sought expanded rights and independence. Jews also joined these movements, especially with the emergence of Zionism. The power and prestige of the Ottoman Empire, the last Muslim caliphate, gradually declined until the empire completely collapsed after World War I. At that moment, the Muslim world had no answer to the scientific, economic, and technological superiority of the West, and colonial administration and Western cultural dominance created a sense of identity crisis among Muslims. While the young Republic of Turkey secularized by removing the influence of religion on the state, certain religious leaders in the Islamic world claimed that the only answer to the crisis was a return to religion. Thus, in Egypt in 1928, the &#8220;Muslim Brotherhood&#8221; movement was founded with the aim of implementing an &#8220;Islamic reform&#8221; of society and the state through a return to religious norms and the gradual application of Sharia. Thus, Islamism, or political Islam, was born. <em>(The Muslim Brotherhood would later become the ideological source for the creation of Hamas.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In Islamism, as an ideology seeking a solution in a &#8220;return to religion,&#8221; antisemitism is increasingly emphasized. After a series of critical and traumatic events for the Muslim world (the founding of Israel and the defeat of Arab armies in 1948 and the displacement of a large number of Palestinians, the Suez Crisis in 1956 and the military intervention of Great Britain, France, and Israel against Egypt, the Six-Day War in 1967 and the swift and heavy defeat of Arab states when Israel occupied the Sinai, Gaza, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights), Islamism reinterprets the relationship between Islam and Judaism as an &#8220;eternal conflict&#8221; (which is historically inaccurate) and brings to the fore anti-Jewish religious quotes that were previously marginal, combining them with imported European, and even Nazi, antisemitic ideas (which was also influenced by the activities of the Mufti of Jerusalem, Hajj Amin al-Husseini, in Berlin during World War II, when he supported the Axis powers and broadcast antisemitic and anti-Allied propaganda on the radio in Arabic).<\/p>\n<p>In extreme Islamist movements, antisemitism is manifested directly and very clearly. Iranian leader Ali Khamenei calls Israel a &#8220;cancerous tumor&#8221; that must &#8220;disappear.&#8221; The terrorist movement Hamas, even in its 1988 Charter, contains motifs taken directly from the &#8220;Protocols of the Elders of Zion.&#8221; ISIS and Al-Qaeda follow the same pattern of demonizing Jews as a &#8220;global enemy.&#8221; The official logo of the Houthis from Yemen contains the slogan: &#8220;God is the Greatest, Death to America, Death to Israel, A Curse Upon the Jews, Victory to Islam.&#8221; These are examples of open, explicit antisemitism, often violent rhetoric that normalizes hostility and legitimizes violence.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to emphasize that antisemitism is not a &#8220;characteristic of Islam&#8221; or the Muslim world. In many countries around the world, Muslim and Jewish communities live in tolerance and without mutual friction. In many countries, these communities cooperate in the fields of fighting against racism, discrimination, and for the realization of minority rights. Many Muslims and Islamic institutions reject antisemitism. Among other things, Israel and several Arab states have signed peace and normalization agreements and have relatively good relations.<\/p>\n<p>Also, it is important to emphasize that part of the hostility toward Israel and Israeli policy, especially among Palestinians, stems from a political-national conflict, and not necessarily from hatred toward Jews. Distinguishing between antisemitism and political dispute is crucial for an accurate and responsible approach to this topic.<\/p>\n<p>In this context, the phenomenon of radicalization should also be mentioned. Radicalization is a process in which an individual gradually adopts an extremist ideology and justifies violence for political goals. For some Muslims, this can lead to the acceptance of Islamism, and in extreme cases, to jihadist violence.<\/p>\n<p>In the Republic of Serbia, there are also cases of antisemitic incidents rooted in Islamism. An extreme example is the attack on the Israeli Embassy in Belgrade on June 29, 2024, when a radicalized attacker, Milo\u0161 (Salahudin) \u017dujovi\u0107, a convert connected to Islamist circles, attempted to kill a member of the Gendarmerie working on embassy security. It was later announced that ISIS claimed responsibility for the attack in its bulletin. It was established that the attacker had previously scouted various potential targets for his attack, including the Belgrade synagogue Sukat Shalom and the Jewish Community building in Kralja Petra Street in Belgrade, from which it can be clearly concluded that his target was not &#8220;Israel&#8221; and state institutions, but Jews\u2014either from the local Jewish community in Serbia or from Israel.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-dh7k-1e39bb929852e3246ff186b4a6e92922 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-93  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-maxsdahb-b1c2bc548a49b30ec1983f946d167de8\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-maxsdahb-b1c2bc548a49b30ec1983f946d167de8 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-maxsdahb-b1c2bc548a49b30ec1983f946d167de8 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-maxsdahb-b1c2bc548a49b30ec1983f946d167de8 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-94  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 24. Antisemitism after October 7 \"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >24. Antisemitism after October 7 <\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>The terrorist organization Hamas carried out surprise attacks in Israel on October 7, 2023. The victims were mostly Israeli civilians and young attendees of a music festival. About 1,200 people were killed, and 251 people were taken hostage to Gaza. A strong response by the Israeli armed forces in the Gaza Strip followed, with great destruction and civilian casualties. After October 7, a sharp increase in antisemitic incidents was recorded worldwide: attacks and threats, desecration of synagogues and monuments, targeting of Jewish pupils and students, online intimidation, and boycott campaigns. The rise in antisemitic incidents was also felt in Serbia. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>One of the consequences of this crisis is that many Holocaust memorial centers and museums, institutions, organizations, and individuals involved in Holocaust studies and countering antisemitism receive threats and insults, monuments are damaged, and teachers increasingly hesitate to address topics about Jews and the Holocaust. Because of this, Holocaust education and public advocacy for the fight against antisemitism are particularly difficult in these circumstances. These phenomena were also condemned by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-vexls-1547df710118109ce495ee2a45e712d2\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-vexls-1547df710118109ce495ee2a45e712d2 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-vexls-1547df710118109ce495ee2a45e712d2 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-vexls-1547df710118109ce495ee2a45e712d2 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-vexls-1547df710118109ce495ee2a45e712d2 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-vexls-1547df710118109ce495ee2a45e712d2  avia-builder-el-95  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-phmlc-023251ca6a125e2900eeedbf56e7bb8a'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-25' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-25' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-25' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-25' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-25' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>On October 7, 2023, the Palestinian terrorist organization Hamas carried out surprise attacks on Israeli communities in the area of settlements along the border with the Gaza Strip. These were predominantly kibbutzim, small communities of cooperative tradition, as well as the cities of Sderot and Ofakim. Among the first targets was the music festival &#8220;Nova (Supernova) Sukkot Gathering,&#8221; which was attended by approximately 3,500 young people. The primary targets of the attack were unarmed civilians, people in their homes and workplaces, as well as festival attendees. On that occasion, about 1,200 people were killed, and 251 were kidnapped and taken into captivity in Gaza as hostages.<\/p>\n<p>The response of the Israeli armed forces was a broad campaign in the Gaza Strip which, in addition to losses among Hamas members, was accompanied by great destruction of infrastructure and civilian casualties. Strong polarization followed in world public opinion and the media, with social networks becoming the main channel for spreading narratives and mobilizing protests. Already in the first hours and days after October 7, content was recorded in some media, and especially on social networks, that celebrated Hamas&#8217;s attack on Israeli civilians and commented on it with enthusiasm, long before the Israeli military reaction followed. Photos and videos of the abuse of captured and killed civilians, filmed by Hamas itself, were shared on networks and shown with approval and expressions of support.<\/p>\n<p>In the weeks and months following October 7, historically high levels of antisemitic incidents were recorded in several countries: attacks and threats, desecration of synagogues, targeting of Jewish pupils and students, intimidation and online threats, boycott campaigns directed against businesses perceived as &#8220;Jewish,&#8221; as well as the marking and damaging of Jewish-owned residential and commercial properties. Particularly in one part of the political left, and especially the extreme left, a strong increase in manifestations of antisemitism occurred immediately after the attack. This was also the case in the Republic of Serbia. In Belgrade, pro-Palestinian graffiti appeared marking buildings owned by Jews, &#8220;Jewish&#8221; or Israeli companies, as well as a series of graffiti with antisemitic messages. One of the most serious incidents was the <a href=\"https:\/\/terraforming.org\/sr\/saopstenje-za-javnost-povodom-antisemitskog-napada-na-nvo-haver-srbija-u-beogradu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">attack on the premises of the Haver Serbia organization in Belgrade<\/a>, a Serbian Jewish non-governmental organization involved in promoting tolerance and Jewish culture. On that occasion, the walls were sprayed with red paint, and among other things, &#8220;Haver march out of Serbia&#8221; was written, which is particularly shameful. This was followed by open gloating and sharing of photos of this incident on social networks. The perpetrators were not held accountable, and the incident itself did not receive significant media attention nor did it meet with broad social condemnation.<\/p>\n<p>As a consequence of the flare-up of conflict after October 7, a series of serious problems arose in the field of Holocaust education and the culture of remembrance, as well as the security of Jewish communities. Worldwide, numerous memorial centers, museums, organizations, and institutions involved with the Holocaust, and even Holocaust survivors, receive threats and insults, are exposed to boycotts, and Holocaust monuments are damaged and covered with graffiti and antisemitic messages. Holocaust education has therefore found itself in crisis. Some teachers hesitate to mention Jews and address topics related to the Holocaust. Calls for boycotts of Jewish cultural content are recorded, and Jewish communities worldwide are under growing pressure, exposed to incidents, insults, and various forms of intimidation. Mass demonstrations in support of Palestine have been organized, where content of an antisemitic nature often appears. Jewish students and professors at various universities are harassed and feel unsafe. In such circumstances, promoting the importance of the fight against antisemitism and organizing activities for education on antisemitism is particularly difficult. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These phenomena were <a href=\"https:\/\/holocaustremembrance.com\/statements\/ihra-statement-in-support-of-holocaust-remembrance-institutions-organizations-and-professionals?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">condemned by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA)<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Legitimate criticism of the State of Israel and its policies is part of democratic debate. Antisemitism begins where double standards are applied, where Jews are held collectively responsible, where the right of the Jewish people to a national state is denied, or where slogans and symbols calling for the abolition of Israel as a state are used. Slogans like &#8220;From the River to the Sea,&#8221; which imply the abolition of Israel, cross the line of legitimate criticism and fall into rhetoric that delegitimizes the existence of the Jewish state. It is completely unacceptable to harass the local Jewish community under the guise of criticizing Israel.<\/p>\n<p>(see also segments 13. &#8220;Conspiracy Theories&#8221;, 14. &#8220;The Coded Language of Antisemitism&#8221;, 15. &#8220;Antisemitism and the Internet&#8221;, and 16. &#8220;Antisemitism and Israel&#8221;.)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-16glyo-bcffe12ac38bc4446fa07d67b496a968\">\n.avia-section.av-16glyo-bcffe12ac38bc4446fa07d67b496a968 .av-extra-border-element .av-extra-border-inner{\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_14'  class='avia-section av-16glyo-bcffe12ac38bc4446fa07d67b496a968 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-96  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_one_full  avia-bg-style-scroll av-arrow-down-section container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-30sqyg-86498a2bfba4c31a99700f29706d26ad av_one_half  avia-builder-el-97  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2xvykw-be51e2ae3702e1817c17bba93ed407d2\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-2xvykw-be51e2ae3702e1817c17bba93ed407d2 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-2xvykw-be51e2ae3702e1817c17bba93ed407d2 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-2xvykw-be51e2ae3702e1817c17bba93ed407d2 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-98  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 25. Antisemitism and Intersectionality\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >25. Antisemitism and Intersectionality<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none scroll-mt-&#091;calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))&#093;\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"d6ff3349-f00e-4c51-99b5-c9e452a6b42c\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-214\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 &#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)&#093; @&#091;37rem&#093;:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)&#093; @&#091;72rem&#093;:&#091;--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)&#093; px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"&#091;--thread-content-max-width:32rem&#093; @&#091;34rem&#093;:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:40rem&#093; @&#091;64rem&#093;:&#091;--thread-content-max-width:48rem&#093; mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal &#091;.text-message+&amp;&#093;:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"30397af0-e80d-47f3-9594-1209e824d40a\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-thinking\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-&#091;3px&#093;\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words dark markdown-new-styling\">\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"809\"><strong>Intersectionality is an analytical framework that explains how different forms of oppression overlap and reinforce each other. It starts from the recognition of the multi-layered identities of individuals and communities. Applying an intersectional approach to the analysis of antisemitism shows that antisemitism often intersects with various other forms of hatred and xenophobia, such as racism, sexism and misogyny, homophobia, Islamophobia, antigypsyism, anti-immigrant attitudes, etc. This explains why a rise in antisemitic rhetoric often goes hand in hand with the growth of other forms of hatred. The intersectional approach helps us recognize the cumulative harm suffered by people at the intersection of multiple identities, to build coalitions based on solidarity, and to strengthen the common struggle for dignity, equality, tolerance, and civil rights. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"flex min-h-&#091;46px&#093; justify-start\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-3 w-full empty:hidden\">\n<div class=\"text-center\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<div class=\"pointer-events-none h-px w-px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-edge=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2qhxf4-616358674c721aefada871039236fb50\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-2qhxf4-616358674c721aefada871039236fb50 p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-2qhxf4-616358674c721aefada871039236fb50 p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-2qhxf4-616358674c721aefada871039236fb50 p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-2qhxf4-616358674c721aefada871039236fb50 .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-2qhxf4-616358674c721aefada871039236fb50  avia-builder-el-99  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-2j3vhk-4b4ff3b7d260f94cb9413b39176b1800'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-26' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-26' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-26' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-26' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-26' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Intersectionality is a term introduced as an analytical framework by legal theorist Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw in 1989 to describe how different forms of oppression (such as racism, sexism, and the like) overlap and create unique experiences of discrimination and privilege. Intersectionality has roots in Black feminist discussions of the 1970s, which pointed to the intersection of different forms of oppression, namely the struggle on two fronts: against sexism within the Civil Rights Movement and against racism within the women&#8217;s movement.<\/p>\n<p>An intersectional approach to understanding antisemitism is essential because it recognizes the multi-layered identities of individuals and communities. Jews, like any other group, do not exist in a vacuum but belong to different social categories (such as race, gender, sexual orientation, class) that shape their experiences of discrimination and privilege.<\/p>\n<p>Antisemitism does not just &#8220;appear&#8221; on its own, nor do other types of prejudice. A jump in antisemitic rhetoric often signals a rise in other forms of hatred\u2014whether it be Islamophobia, antigypsyism, anti-immigrant sentiment, homophobia, or misogyny. All these forms of hatred have their specificities, but they share common narratives and methods: scapegoating, dehumanization, conspiracy theories, and the need to demonize the &#8220;other.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>This overlap is not accidental. If we want to effectively fight against antisemitism, we must recognize how it coexists with other forms of discrimination, show respect for different victims, and raise awareness about the connection between different forms of prejudice and xenophobia.<\/p>\n<p>Viewing antisemitism through an intersectional lens illuminates the complexity of this phenomenon and emphasizes the need for inclusive and nuanced approaches in the fight against antisemitism, recognizing how it intersects with other forms of oppression. This approach not only helps in more effectively suppressing antisemitism but also strengthens broader efforts toward equality and justice for all.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Antisemitism and racism:<\/strong> Historically, antisemitism has often been racially motivated, as seen in Nazi ideology which considered Jews a distinct and inferior race. Today, antisemitism can be coupled with racism in contexts where Jews are viewed through a racial lens or when antisemitic rhetoric is used alongside broader racist ideologies.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Antisemitism and Islamophobia:<\/strong> In some cases, antisemitism and Islamophobia overlap, especially in contexts where both Jews and Muslims are targets of the same groups or ideologies. This can be seen in far-right movements that promote a broader xenophobic agenda against both Jews and Muslims.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Antisemitism and sexism:<\/strong> Antisemitism can also overlap with sexism, particularly in the way Jewish women are stereotyped or targeted. For example, Jewish women may experience unique forms of misogyny tied to their religious or ethnic identity, such as stereotypes of being overly controlling or manipulative.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Antisemitism and homophobia:<\/strong> LGBTQ+ Jews may experience discrimination both because of their sexual orientation or gender identity and because of their Jewish identity. In some cases, antisemitic tropes are used to undermine or attack LGBTQ+ identities, mixing homophobia with antisemitic narratives.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Antisemitism and anti-Zionism:<\/strong> While criticism of Israel&#8217;s policies is not inherently antisemitic, anti-Zionism can be coupled with antisemitism when it crosses into the demonization or delegitimization of Jews as a whole. This intersection becomes particularly complex in political discourse, where legitimate criticism of Israel can sometimes cross into broader antisemitic rhetoric.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Antisemitism and antigypsyism:<\/strong> These two historically rooted forms of hatred, characteristic of the European cultural milieu and heritage, rely on dehumanization, conspiracy theories, and scapegoating. Both have historically led to violence and social exclusion, and both groups were victims of genocide during the Nazi era, carried out by Nazi Germany and other fascist and ultra-nationalist regimes across the European continent. They need to be recognized and suppressed within the framework of the broader struggle against racism and discrimination, and the memory of the victims of the Holocaust and the Samudaripen (the genocide of the Roma) must be nurtured and defended against denial and distortion.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Antisemitism and anti-immigrant attitudes:<\/strong> Narratives about &#8220;population replacement&#8221; and &#8220;world lobbies&#8221; portray Jews as the alleged organizers of migration, and migrants as a threat to society. Such an intersection normalizes xenophobia, encourages stigmatization and violence against both groups, and legitimizes restrictive policies under the pretext of &#8220;security&#8221; or &#8220;cultural protection.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>By recognizing these overlaps and intersections, we can better understand the unique challenges faced by Jews who also belong to other (marginalized) groups. Also, an intersectional approach helps build coalitions and solidarity among different movements fighting against all forms of oppression, ensuring that antisemitism is treated within a broader social commitment to justice.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-nhdig-0b89bab7208136b5a5eb25bf7d00a47c av_one_half  avia-builder-el-100  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-maxsduy6-a8f5fa4d312d539ac7c24e068e6515b3\">\n#top #wrap_all .iconbox.av-maxsduy6-a8f5fa4d312d539ac7c24e068e6515b3 .iconbox_content_title{\nfont-size:24px;\n}\n.iconbox.av-maxsduy6-a8f5fa4d312d539ac7c24e068e6515b3 .iconbox_content_container{\nfont-size:19px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<article  class='iconbox iconbox_left_content av-maxsduy6-a8f5fa4d312d539ac7c24e068e6515b3 av-icon-style-no-border  avia-builder-el-101  el_before_av_toggle_container  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue81d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: 26. What Can I Do?\"><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >26. What Can I Do?<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Countering antisemitism is not the task of Jews and the Jewish community, but must be a joint effort of all citizens in order to live in a democratic and safe social environment\u2014in school, at work, on the street, and online.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The starting point and basic principle is that antisemitism must always be immediately, unequivocally, and in principle condemned whenever it appears. Developing competencies for a democratic society, primarily critical thinking, empathy, and tolerance, as well as media literacy, also prevents the emergence and spread of discriminatory behavior. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Countering antisemitism is of crucial importance for the survival and further development of Jewish communities, both in Serbia and in the world. Actively opposing antisemitism and working on its suppression not only protects our Jewish fellow citizens but contributes to the strengthening of a democratic and tolerant society and state, and also ennobles the personality and makes you a better person. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-dnibc-db429051e0a17167c7e98d936302defd\">\n#top .togglecontainer.av-dnibc-db429051e0a17167c7e98d936302defd p.toggler{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-dnibc-db429051e0a17167c7e98d936302defd p.toggler .toggle_icon{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-dnibc-db429051e0a17167c7e98d936302defd p.toggler .toggle_icon > span{\ncolor:#111111;\nborder-color:#111111;\n}\n#top .togglecontainer.av-dnibc-db429051e0a17167c7e98d936302defd .toggle_wrap .toggle_content{\nfont-size:18px;\ncolor:#232323;\nbackground-color:#f4f4f4;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='togglecontainer av-dnibc-db429051e0a17167c7e98d936302defd  avia-builder-el-102  el_after_av_icon_box  avia-builder-el-last  toggle_close_all' >\n<section class='av_toggle_section av-80pe0-0b5dfd25e978b081ee466a974b6f285f'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div role=\"tablist\" class=\"single_toggle\" data-tags=\"{All} \"  ><p id='toggle-toggle-id-27' data-fake-id='#toggle-id-27' class='toggler  av-title-above '  itemprop=\"headline\"  role='tab' tabindex='0' aria-controls='toggle-id-27' data-slide-speed=\"200\" data-title=\"Read more\" data-title-open=\"\" data-aria_collapsed=\"Click to expand: Read more\" data-aria_expanded=\"Click to collapse: Read more\">Read more<span class=\"toggle_icon\"><span class=\"vert_icon\"><\/span><span class=\"hor_icon\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id='toggle-id-27' aria-labelledby='toggle-toggle-id-27' role='region' class='toggle_wrap  av-title-above'  ><div class='toggle_content invers-color '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The best and most effective cure for antisemitism is education and overcoming prejudice. Every individual can be properly informed and adopt the knowledge and skills necessary for critical thinking, building democratic competencies, tolerance, and the prevention of antisemitism. Countering antisemitism is carried out through the exchange of knowledge and education, but also by reporting antisemitic actions and content to the competent authorities.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some suggestions for what you can do:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Learn and teach others.<\/strong><br \/>\nGet to know the history and contemporary life of Jewish communities in Serbia. Learn more about antisemitism. Use internationally recognized tools such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/en\/ihra-working-definition-of-antisemitism\/\">International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) working definition of antisemitism<\/a>. Nurture critical thinking and analyze sources of information (who is the author, what is the evidence, what is the context). Develop empathy, tolerance, and support for diversity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nurture responsible language and digital hygiene.<\/strong><br \/>\nAvoid generalizations, check facts before sharing, use accurate terminology and context. Do not amplify harmful content (do not like, do not share) but report it to the platform and offer verified information as an alternative to antisemitic lies and propaganda.<\/li>\n<li><strong>React to hatred.<\/strong><br \/>\nIf a verbal or physical antisemitic attack is happening before your eyes\u2014react, do not be a passive observer, but stay safe! Make it clearly known that it is unacceptable. The same applies if you see antisemitic content online or graffiti on the street: document and report the incident to responsible and relevant institutions\u2014competent instances at school or the workplace, moderators on online platforms, the editor and newsroom of TV programs and other traditional media, and law enforcement. You can also inform the Jewish community or one of the non-governmental organizations specialized in education, monitoring, and countering antisemitism, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/en\/\">Center for Countering Antisemitism and Intolerance (CBA)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/terraforming.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Terraforming<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/haver.rs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Haver Serbia<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Support the victims.<\/strong><br \/>\nOffer words of support, provide practical help and, if necessary, connect people with the local Jewish community or non-governmental organizations that provide support and work on education, monitoring, and countering antisemitism.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Strengthen networks and cooperation.<\/strong><br \/>\nConnect with local communities and organizations involved in education and countering antisemitism. Share resources, organize workshops, forums, and discussions with the aim of learning and exchanging experiences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Some of the answers to the question of what each of us can and should do in the fight against antisemitism are provided by the <a href=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/en\/global-guidelines-for-combating-antisemitism\/\">Global Guidelines for Countering Antisemitism<\/a>, adopted in Buenos Aires on July 17, 2024. This document, the result of an agreement between state representatives, special envoys, and national coordinators dealing with antisemitism, in cooperation with international bodies, was supported by 32 countries, including the Republic of Serbia.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><div class='av-extra-border-element border-extra-arrow-down'><div class='av-extra-border-outer'><div class='av-extra-border-inner'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id='after_section_14'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-bclqw-f763680a3d42ba2bdcfbd5793f77111a av_one_full  avia-builder-el-103  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  first flex_column_div  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m00wmtk3-729ea53d02f4388081bdbabb2edb70b3\">\n.avia-image-container.av-m00wmtk3-729ea53d02f4388081bdbabb2edb70b3 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-m00wmtk3-729ea53d02f4388081bdbabb2edb70b3 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-m00wmtk3-729ea53d02f4388081bdbabb2edb70b3 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-104  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-1205 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-1205 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2.jpg\" alt='ABC of Antisemitism' title='ABC of Antisemitism'  height=\"450\" width=\"1920\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-300x70.jpg 300w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-1024x240.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-768x180.jpg 768w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-1536x360.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-1500x352.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2-705x165.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_15'  class='avia-section av-eedwo-c5191257d92d316ecef7714d9449d5c5 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-105  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_full  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-bryzk-84df0d81b8e7d2d74a005a0908908730 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-106  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  first flex_column_div  '     ><article  class='iconbox iconbox_left av-9saqo-9794cb460e2b8e04607d334f3c74a4b3  avia-builder-el-107  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class=\"iconbox_content\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: QUESTIONS\"><div class='iconbox_icon heading-color avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue83f' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  ><\/div><h3 class='iconbox_content_title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >QUESTIONS<\/h3><\/header><div class='iconbox_content_container '  itemprop=\"text\" ><ol>\n<li>\n<h3>Who are the Jews?<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>What is antisemitism?<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism is the &#8220;canary in the coal mine&#8221;<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) Definition of Antisemitism<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>The term antisemitism<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>How is antisemitism expressed?<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>How are victims of antisemitism affected?<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Who are the antisemites?<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism through history<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism in Serbia<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Stereotypical &#8220;traits&#8221; of Jews<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>How to recognize antisemitism &#8211; 3D: delegitimization, demonization, double standards?<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Conspiracy theories<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>The coded language of antisemitism<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism and the internet<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism and Israel<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism and Zionism<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism and the Holocaust<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism and the misuse and distortion of Holocaust history<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism and the misuse of Nazi and fascist terms, images, and symbols<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Holocaust memorialization and education on antisemitism<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism and Nationalism<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism and Islamism<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism after October 7<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Antisemitism and Intersectionality<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>What can I do?<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m09afw56-fb355eb6b6f5fda05cdc5556106acc65\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-m09afw56-fb355eb6b6f5fda05cdc5556106acc65 .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:12px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-m09afw56-fb355eb6b6f5fda05cdc5556106acc65 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>&#8220;ABC of Antisemitism&#8221; was developed with the support of the Federal Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany through the micro-grant programme of the <a href=\"https:\/\/against-antisemitism.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">European Practitioners Network against Antisemitism (EPNA)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='after_section_15'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1304'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-dnnps-2b2949d4193d2b655520584c76059823 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-109  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_two_third  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-b0mf4-c8150f6e7b7f8ba0fcfbb923d8b73682\">\n.avia-image-container.av-b0mf4-c8150f6e7b7f8ba0fcfbb923d8b73682 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-b0mf4-c8150f6e7b7f8ba0fcfbb923d8b73682 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-b0mf4-c8150f6e7b7f8ba0fcfbb923d8b73682 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-110  el_before_av_image  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-1201 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-1201 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4.jpg\" alt='ABC of Antisemitism' title='ABC of Antisemitism'  height=\"450\" width=\"1920\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4-300x70.jpg 300w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4-1024x240.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4-768x180.jpg 768w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4-1536x360.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4-1500x352.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/4-705x165.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-m60zj2nr-4d2237f6322ff036529e9132dceef04b\">\n.avia-image-container.av-m60zj2nr-4d2237f6322ff036529e9132dceef04b img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-m60zj2nr-4d2237f6322ff036529e9132dceef04b .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-m60zj2nr-4d2237f6322ff036529e9132dceef04b av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-111  el_after_av_image  avia-builder-el-last '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-977 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-977 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Terraforming-Serbia-1-scaled.jpg\" alt='ABC Exhibition' title='ABC Exhibition'  height=\"1707\" width=\"2560\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Terraforming-Serbia-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Terraforming-Serbia-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Terraforming-Serbia-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Terraforming-Serbia-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Terraforming-Serbia-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Terraforming-Serbia-1-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Terraforming-Serbia-1-1500x1000.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/antisemitizam.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Terraforming-Serbia-1-705x470.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-8t960-545edc4a82da7b41c092b33c764d4648 av_two_third  avia-builder-el-112  el_after_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Everything you need to know about contemporary antisemitism in Serbian context. 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